Bangaon (Bengali: বনগাঁ) is a city and a municipality in North 24 Parganas district in the state of West Bengal, India. Bangaon is one of the five sub-divisions of the District Of North 24 Parganas. Other sub-divisions are Barasat, Barrackpore, Basirhat and Bidhan Nagar.
Contents [hide]
1 Geography
1.1 Geo-political significance
1.2 Climate
1.3 River
2 Demographics
3 Politics
4 Education
5 Road
6 Sports
7 Birthplace
8 Area of contamination
9 Healthcare
9.1 Main Festival
9.1.1 Other occations & fairs
10 Attractive place to visit
11 References
[edit]Geography
Bangaon is located at 23.07°N 88.82°E.[1] It has an average elevation of 7 metres (22 feet). It is the last station on the Sealdah-Bangaon section of Eastern Railway, 77 km from Sealdah Station.[2] It is part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway system. The Sealdah – Bangaon railway was built between 1882 and 1884.[3]
[edit]Geo-political significance
Bongaon has border with Bangladesh. In Bongaon it is called Petrapole and in the Bangladesh side it is called Benapole. It is the most favoured road check post. The Indian Railway has started a weekly goods rail transport of 35 wagons, Sonar Bangla, from Bongaon. It was started by the then Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee under the National Democratic Alliance government. The route was established in 1884 and the Barisal Express operated passenger services till 1947. After the partition, a mixed service (passenger and goods) continued till the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965. With the creation of Bangladesh, the goods train service was reintroduced for two years from 1972 but again closed for lack of goods. India and Bangladesh signed an agreement in July last to re- establish the train link. This was in line with the initiatives of the previous BNP Government, which formed a committee in 1994 to assess the feasibility. Officials said the route would cut short 63 km compared to the Darshana-Gethe track to Dhaka and facilitate smooth traffic of 7 lakh metric tonnes of expected import-export items in a year. According to the agreement, goods train from both sides would be allowed at Benapole and Petrapole from where the Bangladesh Railway and the Indian Railway would take wagons of their counterparts to the destination.Petrapole Border is the most Profitable Border among the whole Indo-Bangladesh border. Most Business of Bangladesh come from this Bordeer. [4]
[edit]Climate
Rainfall - 1,579mm(normal)
Temperature - Max 41 °C in May and Min 10 °C in January
Relative Humidity - Between 50% in March & 90% in July
Soil Status - varies from sandy to clay loam
Ratio of Land - High:Medium:Low = 17:44:39
[edit]River
Ichamati River goes through the Bongaon Subdivision.
[edit]Demographics
As of 2001 India census,[5] Bangaon had a population of 102,115. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Bangaon has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 55% of the males and 45% of females literate. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. SC population is around 80-90%.
[edit]Politics
Gopal Seth son of Late Bhupemdranath Seth(Former MP of Bongaon) of Trinamool Congress won the Bangaon assembly seat in the 2009 by-sub-elections.The Sub-Election held because The former MLA Sougata Roy had to leave because he became the Central minister.
Bhupemdranath Seth of Trinamool Congress defeated Pankaj Ghosh of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) in the 2006 state assembly elections. Pankaj Ghosh of CPI(M) defeated Bhupendranath Seth (Independent and Indian National Congress respectively) in 2001 and 1996. Bhupemdranath Seth of Congress defeated Ranajit Mitra of CPI(M) in 1991. Ranajit Mitra of CPI(M) defeated Bhupendranath Seth of Congress in 1987. Bhupendranath Seth of Congress defeated Ranajit Mitra of CPI(M) in 1982. Ranajit Mitra of CPI(M) defeated Bhupendranath Seth of Congress in 1977. [6]
Bongaon lok sabha is constituted of Bongaon,Bagdah,Gaighata,Kalyani,Swarupnagar,Haringhata and Chakdah. The seat is reserved for SC. Now it is commuted by TMC.
The Municipality is presently headed jointly by the All India Trinamool Congress and Congress party. and the current/working chairman of Bongaon municipality is Prasanta Kumar Bala. He has been elected from TMC.
[edit]Education
Among the schools, the Bongaon High School for boys (phone number - 03215 255144) and Kumudini Girls School for girls are one of the most sought after by students, though there are other good schools.By the way another high school Bongaon Kabi Kesheblal Vidyapith for Boys also has a good educational background. Bongaon high school have produced some brilliant students who have signed a lot in the whole world.Starting from Narendranath Mitra & Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay it has produced likes of Dr.Samir Kr Kanjilal to Dr.Dhiman Bhattacharyya in the recent past. Bongaon has a college named Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya affiuliated to Calcutta University (Phone Number - 03215 255044).The name of the other Important schools are, Kabikashablal Vidya Pith,Saktigarh High school,Gourisundari Balika Vidyalaya etc
[edit]Road
National Highway No. 35,the jessore road goes through the Bongaon Subdivision. "Chakdah Road"(state highway no; 1) is the connector/Bypass between NH-34 and NH-35.
[edit]Sports
In sports and cultural activities Bongaon is very well in the State. There are many Playing grounds in Bongaon like 1. Stadium 2. Prataphgarh 3. Subash Pally's Math 4. BDO office's Play ground.5.avijan sangher math. Football and Cricket are the main game of Bongaon. Stadium is the main ground of Bongaon. Here mostly cricket and Football matches takes place. Other Fields are the Cricket Ground. Prataphgarh is main Cricket Ground. which is situated opposite of Bongaon Sub divisional Hospital.
[edit]Birthplace
Bongaon is the Birth place of famous novelist Bibhuti Bhusan Bandhopadhyay. His novel "Panther Pachali" was picturised by Satyajit Ray which was acknowledged & awarded nationally & internationally.His others novels like "Apur Sansar", "Aparajit" etc are also very famous. The house of Bibhuti Bhusan in Barackpore [5km away from the heart of the town] is a tourist place.Bongaon is also the birthplace of famous historian Rakhal Das Bandhopadhyay, who discovered "Harappa & Mahenjodaro" civilization on the bank of "sindhu" river. His house in Bongaon,near Patrapole] is also a tourist place. Dinabandhu Mitra also from here, He born in Chouberia in Bongaon, his "Neel Darpan" Drama against British Brutality in the field of Indiago Cultivation is very popular.
[edit]Area of contamination
Bongaon is one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination. [7]
[edit]Healthcare
Bongaon has a Government aided Hospital namely Dr. J. R. Dhar Sub Divisional Hospital.It has 200 beds and 30 doctors. As most of the people of this region are Below Poverty Line they get free treatments here. Some leading doctors of Bongaon are Dr.Sunirmal Mitra, Dr.Samir Kr. Kanjilal, Dr.Joydeb Mukherjee, Dr.D.Bahubalindra, Dr.M.N.Roy and many more. There are some private Nursing Homes in Bongaon.
[edit]Main Festival
"Durga Puja" is the main festival of . Some other important Festivals of the People are "Kali puja","Biswakarma Puja","Lokenath Puja", "Saraswati Puja","Holi" etc.
[edit]Other occations & fairs
Some popular fair or carnival of Bongaon is Sat-Bhai Kali Talar mela(held on january),Charaker mela(held on mid april,the bengali new
Saat bhai kali talar mela
year),Bongaon mela(also held on april) etc.
[edit]Attractive place to visit
In Bongaon There are some places for the visitors. You can find here the Birthplace / House of Bibhuti Bhusan Bandhapadhya. Here is a park on his name and The villagers of the area are very helpful. they always welcome everyone. This is a picnic spot for many visitors.
The another one is "Parmadan Forest". This forest is under State Forest department. Here you can see Deer, Different types of Birds (Mostly in Winter) , Different types of Monkey and many more.
Tuesday, March 16, 2010
Krishnanagar
Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision (Bengali: কৃষ্ণনগর সদর মহকুমা), is a subdivision of the Nadia district in the state of West Bengal, India. It consists of Krishnanagar municipality, Nabadwip municipality and seven community development blocks: Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar–I, Krishnanagar–II, Nabadwip and Krishnaganj. The seven blocks contain 77 gram panchayats and six census towns. The subdivision has its headquarters at Krishnanagar.
Contents [hide]
1 Area
2 Blocks
2.1 Kaliganj block
2.2 Nakashipara block
2.3 Chapra block
2.4 Krishnanagar–I block
2.5 Krishnanagar–II block
2.6 Nabadwip block
2.7 Krishnaganj block
3 Legislative segments
4 References
[edit]Area
Apart from the Krishnanagar municipality and Nabadwip municipality, the subdivision contains six census towns and rural areas of 77 gram panchayats under seven community development blocks: Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar–I, Krishnanagar–II, Nabadwip and Krishnaganj.[1] The six census towns are: Jagadanandapur, Kshidirpur, Baruihuda, Bablari Dewanganj, Char Maijdia and Char Brahmanagar.[2]
[edit]Blocks
[edit]Kaliganj block
Rural area under Kaliganj block consists of 15 gram panchayats, viz. Barachandghar, Hatgachha, Mira–I, Palitbegia, Debagram, Juranpur, Mira–II, Panighata, Faridpur, Kaliganj, Plassey–I, Rajarampur Ghoraikhetra, Gobra, Matiari and Plassey–II.[1] There is no urban area under this block.[2] Kaliganj police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Dabgram.[4]
[edit]Nakashipara block
Rural area under Nakashipara block consists of 15 gram panchayats, viz. Bethua Dahari–I, Billwagram, Dharmada, Muragachha, Bethua Dahari–II, Birpur–I, Dogachhia, Nakasipara, Bikrampur, Birpur–II, Haranagar, Patikabari, Bilkumari, Dhananjaypur and Majhergram.[1] Urban area under this block consists of and two census town: Jagadanandapur and Kshidirpur.[2] Nakashipara police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Nakashipara.[4]
[edit]Chapra block
Rural area under Chapra block consists of 13 gram panchayats, viz. Alfa, Chapra–II, Hridaypur, Pipragachhi, Bagberia, Hatisala–I, Kalinga, Brittihuda, Hatisala–II, Mahatpur, Chapra–I, Hatkhola and Maheshpur.[1] There is no urban area under this block.[2] Chapra police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Bangaljhi.[4]
[edit]Krishnanagar–I block
Rural area under Krishnanagar–I block consists of 12 gram panchayats, viz. Assannagar, Bhatjungla, Dignagar, Joania, Bhaluka, Bhimpur, Dogachi, Poragachha, Bhandarkhola, Chakdilnagar, Daypara and Ruipukur.[1] Urban area under this block consists of one census town: Baruihuda.[2] Krishnanagar police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Krishnagar Road.[4]
[edit]Krishnanagar–II block
Rural area under Krishnanagar–II block consists of seven gram panchayats, viz. Belpukur, Dhubulia–II, Naopara–II, Sadhanpara–II, Dhubulia–I, Naopara–I and Sadhanpara–I.[1] There is no urban area under this block.[2] Dhubulia Investigation Centre police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Dhubulia.[4]
[edit]Nabadwip block
Rural area under Nabadwip block consists of eight gram panchayats, viz. Bablari, Mahisura, Mayapur Bamanpukur–II, Charmajdia Charbrahmanagar, Majdia Pansila, Mayapur Bamanpukur–I, Swarupganj and Fakirdanga Gholapara.[1] Urban area under this block consists of three census towns: Bablari Dewanganj, Char Maijdia and Char Brahmanagar.[2] Nabadwip police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Mahesganj.[4]
[edit]Krishnaganj block
Rural area under Krishnaganj block consists of seven gram panchayats, viz. Bhajanghat Tungi, Joyghata, Matiary Banpur, Taldah Majdia, Gobindapur, Krishnaganj and Shibnibas.[1] There is no urban area under this block.[2] Krishnaganj police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Krishnaganj.[4]
[edit]Legislative segments
As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in West Bengal, four gram panchayats under the Nakashipara block, viz. Bikrampur, Bilkumari, Dhananjaypur and Haranagar, will be part of the area covered by the Palashipara assembly constituency of West Bengal. All other gram panchayats under this block, viz. Bethua Dahari–I, Bethua Dahari–II, Billwagram, Birpur–I, Birpur–II, Dharmada, Dogachhia, Majhergram, Muragachha, Nakasipara and Patikabari, will form the Nakashipara assembly constituency along with the gram panchayats of Palitbegia and Rajarampur Ghoraikhetra under the Kaliganj block. All other gram panchayats under the Kaliganj block, viz. Barachandghar, Debagram, Faridpur, Gobra, Hatgachha, Juranpur, Kaliganj, Matiari, Mira–I, Mira–II, Panighata, Plassey–I and Plassey–II, will form the Kaliganj assembly constituency. The area under the Chapra block will constitute the Chapra assembly constituency. The Krishnanagar municipality and five gram panchayats under the Krishnanagar–I block, viz. Bhandarkhola, Bhimpur, Assannagar, Dogachi and Poragachha, will form the Krishnanagar Uttar assembly constituency. The Nabadwip block, the Nabadwip municipality and two gram panchayats under the Krishnanagar–I block, viz. Joania and Bhaluka, will form the Nabadwip assembly constituency. The Krishnanagar–II block and five gram panchayats under the Krishnanagar–I block, viz. Bhatjungla, Dignagar, Chakdilnagar, Daypara and Ruipukur, will form the Krishnanagar South assembly constituency. The area under the Krishnaganj block will be part of the area covered by Krishnaganj assembly constituency, which will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Palashipara, Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar Uttar and Nabadwip constituencies will be assembly segments of the Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency). The assembly constituencies of Krishnanagar Dakshin and Krishnaganj will be part of the Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency), which will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates.[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Area
2 Blocks
2.1 Kaliganj block
2.2 Nakashipara block
2.3 Chapra block
2.4 Krishnanagar–I block
2.5 Krishnanagar–II block
2.6 Nabadwip block
2.7 Krishnaganj block
3 Legislative segments
4 References
[edit]Area
Apart from the Krishnanagar municipality and Nabadwip municipality, the subdivision contains six census towns and rural areas of 77 gram panchayats under seven community development blocks: Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar–I, Krishnanagar–II, Nabadwip and Krishnaganj.[1] The six census towns are: Jagadanandapur, Kshidirpur, Baruihuda, Bablari Dewanganj, Char Maijdia and Char Brahmanagar.[2]
[edit]Blocks
[edit]Kaliganj block
Rural area under Kaliganj block consists of 15 gram panchayats, viz. Barachandghar, Hatgachha, Mira–I, Palitbegia, Debagram, Juranpur, Mira–II, Panighata, Faridpur, Kaliganj, Plassey–I, Rajarampur Ghoraikhetra, Gobra, Matiari and Plassey–II.[1] There is no urban area under this block.[2] Kaliganj police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Dabgram.[4]
[edit]Nakashipara block
Rural area under Nakashipara block consists of 15 gram panchayats, viz. Bethua Dahari–I, Billwagram, Dharmada, Muragachha, Bethua Dahari–II, Birpur–I, Dogachhia, Nakasipara, Bikrampur, Birpur–II, Haranagar, Patikabari, Bilkumari, Dhananjaypur and Majhergram.[1] Urban area under this block consists of and two census town: Jagadanandapur and Kshidirpur.[2] Nakashipara police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Nakashipara.[4]
[edit]Chapra block
Rural area under Chapra block consists of 13 gram panchayats, viz. Alfa, Chapra–II, Hridaypur, Pipragachhi, Bagberia, Hatisala–I, Kalinga, Brittihuda, Hatisala–II, Mahatpur, Chapra–I, Hatkhola and Maheshpur.[1] There is no urban area under this block.[2] Chapra police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Bangaljhi.[4]
[edit]Krishnanagar–I block
Rural area under Krishnanagar–I block consists of 12 gram panchayats, viz. Assannagar, Bhatjungla, Dignagar, Joania, Bhaluka, Bhimpur, Dogachi, Poragachha, Bhandarkhola, Chakdilnagar, Daypara and Ruipukur.[1] Urban area under this block consists of one census town: Baruihuda.[2] Krishnanagar police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Krishnagar Road.[4]
[edit]Krishnanagar–II block
Rural area under Krishnanagar–II block consists of seven gram panchayats, viz. Belpukur, Dhubulia–II, Naopara–II, Sadhanpara–II, Dhubulia–I, Naopara–I and Sadhanpara–I.[1] There is no urban area under this block.[2] Dhubulia Investigation Centre police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Dhubulia.[4]
[edit]Nabadwip block
Rural area under Nabadwip block consists of eight gram panchayats, viz. Bablari, Mahisura, Mayapur Bamanpukur–II, Charmajdia Charbrahmanagar, Majdia Pansila, Mayapur Bamanpukur–I, Swarupganj and Fakirdanga Gholapara.[1] Urban area under this block consists of three census towns: Bablari Dewanganj, Char Maijdia and Char Brahmanagar.[2] Nabadwip police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Mahesganj.[4]
[edit]Krishnaganj block
Rural area under Krishnaganj block consists of seven gram panchayats, viz. Bhajanghat Tungi, Joyghata, Matiary Banpur, Taldah Majdia, Gobindapur, Krishnaganj and Shibnibas.[1] There is no urban area under this block.[2] Krishnaganj police station serves this block.[3] Headquarters of this block is in Krishnaganj.[4]
[edit]Legislative segments
As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in West Bengal, four gram panchayats under the Nakashipara block, viz. Bikrampur, Bilkumari, Dhananjaypur and Haranagar, will be part of the area covered by the Palashipara assembly constituency of West Bengal. All other gram panchayats under this block, viz. Bethua Dahari–I, Bethua Dahari–II, Billwagram, Birpur–I, Birpur–II, Dharmada, Dogachhia, Majhergram, Muragachha, Nakasipara and Patikabari, will form the Nakashipara assembly constituency along with the gram panchayats of Palitbegia and Rajarampur Ghoraikhetra under the Kaliganj block. All other gram panchayats under the Kaliganj block, viz. Barachandghar, Debagram, Faridpur, Gobra, Hatgachha, Juranpur, Kaliganj, Matiari, Mira–I, Mira–II, Panighata, Plassey–I and Plassey–II, will form the Kaliganj assembly constituency. The area under the Chapra block will constitute the Chapra assembly constituency. The Krishnanagar municipality and five gram panchayats under the Krishnanagar–I block, viz. Bhandarkhola, Bhimpur, Assannagar, Dogachi and Poragachha, will form the Krishnanagar Uttar assembly constituency. The Nabadwip block, the Nabadwip municipality and two gram panchayats under the Krishnanagar–I block, viz. Joania and Bhaluka, will form the Nabadwip assembly constituency. The Krishnanagar–II block and five gram panchayats under the Krishnanagar–I block, viz. Bhatjungla, Dignagar, Chakdilnagar, Daypara and Ruipukur, will form the Krishnanagar South assembly constituency. The area under the Krishnaganj block will be part of the area covered by Krishnaganj assembly constituency, which will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Palashipara, Kaliganj, Nakashipara, Chapra, Krishnanagar Uttar and Nabadwip constituencies will be assembly segments of the Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency). The assembly constituencies of Krishnanagar Dakshin and Krishnaganj will be part of the Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency), which will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates.[5]
Jhargram
Jhargram (Bengali:ঝাড়গ্রাম) is a subdivisional municipality in the Paschim Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Today
3.1 Place of interest
3.2 Art and Culture
3.3 Tusu song
3.4 Hotels
4 Demographics
5 Politics
6 References
7 External links
[edit]History
Legend has it that around 1574.AD Man Singh had come to conquer Bengal on behalf of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great from Rajasthan(Erstwhile Rajputana Kingdom). He appointed two of his loyal officers in the army, Sarveshwar Singh and his elder brother to defeat the local tribal rulers of the region known as Jungalkhand, the area was populated by Tribals known as Santhals, Mallas, Bhumij and Lodhas.The area belonged to Malla Raja. Raja Sarveshwar Singh together with the Rajput Military force and Cavalry invaded the deep forest region known as Junglekhanda, and defeated the tribal rulers the Mallas and adopted the surname Malla Deb and set up his kingdom with its capital naming it Jhargram. In order to commerate this victory every year an idol of Malla Raja is made and killed on Vijaya Dasami (Dessehra) day. After residing in the area for four months, Man Singh decided to return to Rajasthan(Rajutana) and left his loyal officers Sarveshwar Singh and his elder brother behind . As per the custom of the Royalty the elder brother would ascend the throne and become the Raja of the State and the younger brother would be the Prime Minister or Advisor to the Raja and therefore would be entitled to an allowance from the State.As youger brother Raja Sarveshwar Malla Deb desired not to go back. He was made the Raja of the Junglekhand Area subedar to the Mughal emperor Akbar and the elder brother was made the Raja of Bhishnupur or commonly known as Mallabhum.that later became independent. This is how Man Singh established the Malla Raj or the Rajput Rule in Bengal that was divided in two parts,with the ain Capital at Bishnupur and under the your brother Sarveshwar Malla Deb with Jhargram as the capital. Raja Sarveshwar Malla Deb was the founder of the present Jhargram Royal Family-(Raj Family),he belonged to the Kshtriya Chandra Vansha Chauhan clan of Rajputs. The name of the State Capital came to be known as Jhargram, it was surrounded by walls and canals known as Ugal in local language. The Man who was the hero or bull within the surrounded wall and canal was called Ugal Sanda.. As such the full name of the Raja of the State was known as Sarveshwar Malla Ugal Sanda Deb and the title has been continued up to Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb. Many portions of the state was donated by the Raj family to their family's (Sabha Pandits) Scholars, Brahmin's poor who were later on become the properties of the area and recognized as Zamindars of the area. Before the abolition of Zamindars in indepenedent India in the year 1954, the area of the estate was 252 sq. miles. History has witnessed many ups and downs of Jhargram Raj family. Maharaja of Mayurbhanj, ruler of the adjoining state and the Nawbab of Murshidabad taking advantage of the family's idleness and luxurious life invaded and won the Southern portion of Jhargram i.e. Gopiballavpur, Nayabasan & Nayagram. To date there are still some places and markets in the area called Ugal Sand's that etc. the family is known for their noble heartedness from the very inceptions. In this seventeenth century Jhargram Raj family took part in "CHUAR MUTINY" to protect their independent status from the British. Around 1767 East India Company led by Robert Clive came from Midnapore via Radhanagar to invade Jhargram. Raja revolted against British Raj but ultimately surrendered to the British Raj and the Revenue was fixed for only 500/- per year. Jhargram was then recognized as a Zamindari estate under the British and the Ruler was given the title of Raja. Jhargram twice fell into court of wards after the death of Raja Raghunath Malla Ugal Sanda Deb and Raja Cahndi Charan Malla Ugal Sanda Deb respectively. But was later released when the Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb attained majority. In this connection it may be mentioned that in the year 1944-45 the then Vice-Roy of India agreed to recognize Jhargram as feudatory state, Subedar to Mayurbhanj etc. but at that time whole India was going through Turmoil and moved for independent India lips mission and cabinet mission came here to negotiate with Congress & Muslim League and other Parties etc. The proposal for feudatory status of Jhargram Raj was moped then.
It is not possible in this short space to describe the history of Raj family who reigned here for last four hundred years. It is to inform Jhargram people shortly and about three or four generations who are well known for their generosity for the people of Jhargram even beyond Jhargram.
Raja Raghunath Malla Deb who was the sixteenth generation of the family and great grandfather of Raja Birendra Bijoy Malla Deb was an extraordinary wrestler of this area. His instrument of exercise has been kept in the Raj Palace and Calcutta Museum. And it seems that he was not an ordinary wrestles and super human should handle the instrument used. It is known from the people of that time that he was a great devotee of Lord Bhairab. At the fag end of eighteenth century i.e. 1884-85 he was the first student of F.A. from this backward area surrounded by deep forest. Of course he left for Midnapore before the final exam of F.A to marry Raj Kumari Raj Lakshmi Devi of Silda. He was famous for his charity, when cost of Rice is only one rupee per maund he donated thousands of Bighas of lands to his needy poor tenants, even he had taken a loan of Rupees Three lakhs to remove the poverty of his poor and needy tenants.
In this renowned family Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb born in the year 1909, Raja Raghunath Malla Ugal Sanda Deb, grandfather Raja Chandi Charan Malla Deb father respectively expired in the year 1912 and 1916, respectively Jhargram Raj estate was the then under court of wards as settled with the Government by Late Raja Raghunath Malla Ugal Sanda Deb. And as per the rule District Magistrate was to be the guardian of minor Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb. The then Magistrate under the guidance of him minor Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb has been admitted and continued up to Matriculation exam in the Midnapore Colligiate School. At this time Magistrate appointed Prof. Debendra Mohan Bhattacharjee of Midnapore College who held from Faridpore (Dacca Division) as guardian tutor of minor Jhargram Raja Narasingha Malla Deb to guide and supervise the smooth running of life and studies and character development.
In the year 1929 Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb become major (attained majority) Jhargram Raj estate had been released from court of wards of Bengal Govt. Raja Saheb had passed his I.A Examination from Midnapore College in First Division and got admission in Presidency College of Calcutta. Raja Saheb then empowered his preceptor Debendra Mohan Bhattacharjee to guide and administer the Jhargram Raj estate in a right way.
This is exaggeration to say that 1929-1950 as Prof.Debendra Mohan Battacharya as the administrator was the Golden Period of Jhargram estate .In these Twenty one years Jhargram developed into a Township and during this period many educational Institutions were established and developed. Kumud Kumari Institution (K.K.I) the Premier Institution of Sub-division had been developed. Jhargram Agricultural College was established which later on was converted to Jhargram Raj College, Vidyasagar Bani Bhaban, Vidyasagar Polytechnic, Sarada Vidyapith with the help of Swami Sarbanandaji other institution within the Jhargram estate area established for this development of backward Jhargram people. All the Primary Schools within Jhargram estate have been established and run by helping and bearing salary of Teachers and other expenses. The royal family has established and assisted in the running of all primary institutions in the Jhargram estate. After the establishment of Bani Bhaban under guidance of Lady Abala Bose for widows only there was no other institution the education of before 1940 on the advice of his manager Debendra Mohon Bhattacharjee Raja Saheb has donated and built a house to accommodate a Girls School up to Primary section and it developed up to Class VI and opened by the then magistrate Mr. Burge and the institution was named after his name Burge Memorial School. In the year 1947 further land was acquired and Jhargram Raj constructed Building and the estate to develop it donated a substantial amount to the secondary stage and with the help of the then Chief Minister, Prafulla Chandra Ghosh the institution become pure Govt. School and renamed after the first wife of Raja Saheb Rani Binode Manjuri Govt. Girl's School and it is now one of the best school of West Bengal. It would be in justifiable if we do not describe his humanly good qualities of Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb, during his twenty-five years of reign. He has donated during this short space of time 19 lacs of rupee cash and 10 thousand bighas of land in this area for development of different institutions extending from Calcutta Bangiya Sahitya Parishad to Delhi Kali Bari. In the Midnapore District Town he has donated for construction of building & donated fund purchase Lobmary's Books and borne all the expenses to built Jhargram Stadium at Midnapore. But now the name 'Jhargram Stadium' has been changed to 'Aurobinda Stadium' after his death. At the consent of Raj the Court of Wards gave family land and grant for establishment of Hospital in the name of Chandi Charan Charitable Hospital. Later on in every Tahsil area a charitable hospital on a miniature scale was established for Primary treatment in the near by villages. He has got many other qualities, which are worth mentioning. He was very much lover and entrust sports and games like his uncle Ganga Charan Malla Deb. At this time Rs. 20 / 22 thousand was allotted and sanctioned and subscribed every year for the development sports. He was a very a good angler and Shikari for which he won many trophies are still in the Palace. Rather than this he was a very good Photographer. He had won many international prizes from Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore and Russia. He was conferred the title of Raja in 1920 and honored with O.B.E (Officer of the British Empire) and K.C.B.A (Knight Commander of the British Army) status by the British. He inherited a keen interest and ear for music from his family. Music was his interest qualities from his family, he had a deep knowledge of Baishnab Sangeet. Due to his popularity in this area Dr. Bidhan Ch. Roy the then Chief Minister of Bengal wanted to exploit his popularity and requested his to contest in 1st and 2nd Loke Sabha election from Midnapore Constituency which he won easily with a record margin. He expired on 11.11.1976 in Calcutta.
His good natured and efficient son Shri Birendra Bijoy Malla Deb after finishing University education got involved in for Politics and he was three times Member of Legislative Assembly of West Bengal from Jhargram constituency. He was a very good Cricket Player and was the captain of cricket team from school to university and three time received the best legislator award in the West Bengal legislative assembly. He had established many family business so that his family is able to cope with the modern tune. And later on he retained from all activities due to illness.
His mother Rani Binod Manjuri Devi expired in the year 1945. Who came from Maharaja Mayurbhanj's family.
Raja Birendra Bijoy married Rani Indira Devi daughter of Maharaja Sonepur(Orissa), which was feudatory state with a nine-gun salute in the British Regime.Rani Indira Devi coming from such a high honored state having so much of luxuries, she lived and passed 40 years in Jhargram and she felt shy if any body described her past activity in her father's house. It would not exaggeration to say that she was rather say the navigator of Jhargram Royal family. She looked every thing and guide in a right way. She had got clear vision in everything small big and proud less in nature.
She was very much skilled in even stitching garland for Shri Shri Radharamanji, thus family deity. And very kind to her family employees and had never taken revenge to the persons who behave ill with her and she was attached to various charitable institutions.
Rani Indira Devi died on 25th July 1997 while Raja Birendra Bijoy Malla Deb died on 22nd February 2000. They are succeeded by their two sons Raja Shivendra Bijoy Malla Deb and Kumar Joydeep Malla Deb and two daughters Radharani and Rajshree. Both Shivendra and Joydeep are looking after their family business and involved in politics and members of the Indian National Congress Party. Raja Shivendra Bijoy Malla Deb is married to Jyoti Devi of Balarampur Royal family Orissa and they have a son Vikramaditya Malladeb while Kumar Joydeep Malla Deb is married to Preity Devi daughter of Rao Sahab Shankareshwar Pratap Singh of Rampur Naikin, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, they have a son Harshvardhan Malla Deb and a daughter Rajnandini Malla Deb.
Source: Dept of Archives.Jhargram Raj Palace.
[edit]Geography
Jhargram is located at 22.45°N 86.98°E[1]. It has an average elevation of 81 metres (265 feet). This city is surrounded with dense Saal forests and situated on Howrah Mumbai main railway line
[edit]Today
Jhargram is the Sub-Divisional town of Jhargram Sub-Division situated in the western part of Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal. Beyond the Gangetic plains of Bengal, Jhargram offers the most exotic beauties of undulating topography culminating in hill ranges of Belpahari, Kankrajhor in the North to the serene beauties of meandering Subarnarekha river in the South. Jhargram is the paradise of nature lovers with bountiful forests of sal, mahul, wild elephants, deer and birds. The ancient temples, royal palaces, folk tunes and rhythms of tribal make it all the more attractive destination of tourists who love to discover the unknown and unaffected beauties of nature. I like to appeal to all nature loving tourists to come to Jhargram - smell it, feel it and inspire others to visit it.
Sub-Divisional Officer, Jhargram
[edit]Place of interest
Rohini: This is a historical village situated in the bank of Subarnarekha River. Birth place of famous Vaishnav saint Rashikanandaji maharaj. Jhargram Raj Palace,Sri Sri Savitri Maata Mandir,Deer Park,Jungal Mahal,Rose Garden ,MPS farm ,Chilkigarh,Sri Sri Kanak Durga Mandir,Kanrajhor,Sutan Forest,Jhilimili. Gopivallavpur,Rameshwar Shiv mandir,Tapovan.
[edit]Art and Culture
JHARGRAM is the golden treasury of tribal dances. The Santals, Mundas, Bhumijs, Lodhas and Sabars (aboriginal tribes) co-exist here. Their social performances, religious rites and rituals are expressed through dances amid jungles. Some of these tribal dances are at the verge of extinction. We would represent the rare tribal folk-dances in the following manner : Bhuang: It is a popular and beautiful folk-dance of the Santals. During Durgotsab (Durga Puja) the Vijaya-dasami is the auspicious day for Bhuang-dance. A myth is there, only male artists wearing dhuties on knee, napkin around waist, red tape in unpolished hair and feathers of peacock upon head; dance from afternoon to night. This dance is named after a peculiar musical instrument called 'Bhuang'. The Bhuang is made of pumpkin. Chang-Dance: Far away from civilized society the aboriginal hunting tribe Lodha & Sabars reside. They live in the woods. Their only dance is 'Chang'. It is generally held during worship, marriage and sometime during funerals also. A daffli like musical instrument is 'changu' made from karat tree is needed at the time of dancing. Five to Seven Lodha male artists participate in it. They dance in encircling from evening to mid-night amid the jungles. It is very thrilling. The dance is quite unknown to the greater world. It is a matter of great tragedy that due to rapid urbanization, cultural aggression and influence of external culture, this dance is becoming extinct. Chhou: Originally Chhouu dance is a tropical traditional composition of a place in Purulia district of West Bengal. Having its base from Ramayana and Mahabharata, accepting different tales from these epics, the artist wear Mask of the heroes and perform the play. Chhou dance is the traditional dance belonging to Raj Family of Chilkigarh. It has gained international recognition. In later periods this dance spread in various places of Jhargram without the use of Masks. It is a rare war-dance of the Santal tribe of the forest-based areas. The dance is held during summer on the eve of hunting. Artists with arms show their heroic attitude with music. Only male santal youth take part in the dance. Musical instruments like Madals & Dhamsas and Bows-arrows, arms like Tangi are used in the dance. Ranpa: The dance is a rare Mundari dance. The artists use ladder made of bamboos while dancing. The dancers have to work hard during the dance. There is every chance to fall from ladder. The folk artists are young, use dhuties, red-napkins, red-tap on the forehead, wear stockings on their feet. Madal and dhamsas are the main musical-instruments. Saharul: It is a seasonal dance of the Santals. When new leaves grow on Sal-trees in the Bengali month 'Vaisak' (April-May) the Santals worship their Goddess 'Mamarey' under an old Sal tree and welcome leafy Sal trees by their unusual dance. The dance is called 'Saharul' or 'Sarul'. Both male and female artists wearing dhuties and saries, wearing flowers in their head dance encircling. Madal, Dhamsa, Jhumka, are the musical instruments played by male artists. The dance is performed since morning to evening.
[edit]Tusu song
"Chal Tusu Naite Jabo
Balite bandh Bandhabo
Kalir Jale Naiyan Karibo
Jharnae Kesh Milabo."
Tusu: Tusu is the integral part of the rural lifestyle, which comes from within the music and dance. Mainly the Kurmis and Mahatos are entitled to this ancient form of art. It is a seasonal festival. Tusu is reaping of the sown. Here reaping means a child. That is why women play a main part.
Bhadhu: Bhadhu is a harvesting song. It is all round the year sadness for the Tusu and Bhadhu.Tusu and Bhadhu is the crop with gold.
[edit]Hotels
The Palace Tourist Resort , Kaushalya Heritage, Doolung Guest House, MPS Resorts & Hotels, Aranya Sundari Guest House, Banani Atithi Nibas, Jhargram Guest House.
[edit]Demographics
As of 2001 India census[2], Jhargram had a population of 53,158. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jhargram has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 71%. In Jhargram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The Jhargram palace
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Today
3.1 Place of interest
3.2 Art and Culture
3.3 Tusu song
3.4 Hotels
4 Demographics
5 Politics
6 References
7 External links
[edit]History
Legend has it that around 1574.AD Man Singh had come to conquer Bengal on behalf of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great from Rajasthan(Erstwhile Rajputana Kingdom). He appointed two of his loyal officers in the army, Sarveshwar Singh and his elder brother to defeat the local tribal rulers of the region known as Jungalkhand, the area was populated by Tribals known as Santhals, Mallas, Bhumij and Lodhas.The area belonged to Malla Raja. Raja Sarveshwar Singh together with the Rajput Military force and Cavalry invaded the deep forest region known as Junglekhanda, and defeated the tribal rulers the Mallas and adopted the surname Malla Deb and set up his kingdom with its capital naming it Jhargram. In order to commerate this victory every year an idol of Malla Raja is made and killed on Vijaya Dasami (Dessehra) day. After residing in the area for four months, Man Singh decided to return to Rajasthan(Rajutana) and left his loyal officers Sarveshwar Singh and his elder brother behind . As per the custom of the Royalty the elder brother would ascend the throne and become the Raja of the State and the younger brother would be the Prime Minister or Advisor to the Raja and therefore would be entitled to an allowance from the State.As youger brother Raja Sarveshwar Malla Deb desired not to go back. He was made the Raja of the Junglekhand Area subedar to the Mughal emperor Akbar and the elder brother was made the Raja of Bhishnupur or commonly known as Mallabhum.that later became independent. This is how Man Singh established the Malla Raj or the Rajput Rule in Bengal that was divided in two parts,with the ain Capital at Bishnupur and under the your brother Sarveshwar Malla Deb with Jhargram as the capital. Raja Sarveshwar Malla Deb was the founder of the present Jhargram Royal Family-(Raj Family),he belonged to the Kshtriya Chandra Vansha Chauhan clan of Rajputs. The name of the State Capital came to be known as Jhargram, it was surrounded by walls and canals known as Ugal in local language. The Man who was the hero or bull within the surrounded wall and canal was called Ugal Sanda.. As such the full name of the Raja of the State was known as Sarveshwar Malla Ugal Sanda Deb and the title has been continued up to Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb. Many portions of the state was donated by the Raj family to their family's (Sabha Pandits) Scholars, Brahmin's poor who were later on become the properties of the area and recognized as Zamindars of the area. Before the abolition of Zamindars in indepenedent India in the year 1954, the area of the estate was 252 sq. miles. History has witnessed many ups and downs of Jhargram Raj family. Maharaja of Mayurbhanj, ruler of the adjoining state and the Nawbab of Murshidabad taking advantage of the family's idleness and luxurious life invaded and won the Southern portion of Jhargram i.e. Gopiballavpur, Nayabasan & Nayagram. To date there are still some places and markets in the area called Ugal Sand's that etc. the family is known for their noble heartedness from the very inceptions. In this seventeenth century Jhargram Raj family took part in "CHUAR MUTINY" to protect their independent status from the British. Around 1767 East India Company led by Robert Clive came from Midnapore via Radhanagar to invade Jhargram. Raja revolted against British Raj but ultimately surrendered to the British Raj and the Revenue was fixed for only 500/- per year. Jhargram was then recognized as a Zamindari estate under the British and the Ruler was given the title of Raja. Jhargram twice fell into court of wards after the death of Raja Raghunath Malla Ugal Sanda Deb and Raja Cahndi Charan Malla Ugal Sanda Deb respectively. But was later released when the Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb attained majority. In this connection it may be mentioned that in the year 1944-45 the then Vice-Roy of India agreed to recognize Jhargram as feudatory state, Subedar to Mayurbhanj etc. but at that time whole India was going through Turmoil and moved for independent India lips mission and cabinet mission came here to negotiate with Congress & Muslim League and other Parties etc. The proposal for feudatory status of Jhargram Raj was moped then.
It is not possible in this short space to describe the history of Raj family who reigned here for last four hundred years. It is to inform Jhargram people shortly and about three or four generations who are well known for their generosity for the people of Jhargram even beyond Jhargram.
Raja Raghunath Malla Deb who was the sixteenth generation of the family and great grandfather of Raja Birendra Bijoy Malla Deb was an extraordinary wrestler of this area. His instrument of exercise has been kept in the Raj Palace and Calcutta Museum. And it seems that he was not an ordinary wrestles and super human should handle the instrument used. It is known from the people of that time that he was a great devotee of Lord Bhairab. At the fag end of eighteenth century i.e. 1884-85 he was the first student of F.A. from this backward area surrounded by deep forest. Of course he left for Midnapore before the final exam of F.A to marry Raj Kumari Raj Lakshmi Devi of Silda. He was famous for his charity, when cost of Rice is only one rupee per maund he donated thousands of Bighas of lands to his needy poor tenants, even he had taken a loan of Rupees Three lakhs to remove the poverty of his poor and needy tenants.
In this renowned family Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb born in the year 1909, Raja Raghunath Malla Ugal Sanda Deb, grandfather Raja Chandi Charan Malla Deb father respectively expired in the year 1912 and 1916, respectively Jhargram Raj estate was the then under court of wards as settled with the Government by Late Raja Raghunath Malla Ugal Sanda Deb. And as per the rule District Magistrate was to be the guardian of minor Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb. The then Magistrate under the guidance of him minor Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb has been admitted and continued up to Matriculation exam in the Midnapore Colligiate School. At this time Magistrate appointed Prof. Debendra Mohan Bhattacharjee of Midnapore College who held from Faridpore (Dacca Division) as guardian tutor of minor Jhargram Raja Narasingha Malla Deb to guide and supervise the smooth running of life and studies and character development.
In the year 1929 Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb become major (attained majority) Jhargram Raj estate had been released from court of wards of Bengal Govt. Raja Saheb had passed his I.A Examination from Midnapore College in First Division and got admission in Presidency College of Calcutta. Raja Saheb then empowered his preceptor Debendra Mohan Bhattacharjee to guide and administer the Jhargram Raj estate in a right way.
This is exaggeration to say that 1929-1950 as Prof.Debendra Mohan Battacharya as the administrator was the Golden Period of Jhargram estate .In these Twenty one years Jhargram developed into a Township and during this period many educational Institutions were established and developed. Kumud Kumari Institution (K.K.I) the Premier Institution of Sub-division had been developed. Jhargram Agricultural College was established which later on was converted to Jhargram Raj College, Vidyasagar Bani Bhaban, Vidyasagar Polytechnic, Sarada Vidyapith with the help of Swami Sarbanandaji other institution within the Jhargram estate area established for this development of backward Jhargram people. All the Primary Schools within Jhargram estate have been established and run by helping and bearing salary of Teachers and other expenses. The royal family has established and assisted in the running of all primary institutions in the Jhargram estate. After the establishment of Bani Bhaban under guidance of Lady Abala Bose for widows only there was no other institution the education of before 1940 on the advice of his manager Debendra Mohon Bhattacharjee Raja Saheb has donated and built a house to accommodate a Girls School up to Primary section and it developed up to Class VI and opened by the then magistrate Mr. Burge and the institution was named after his name Burge Memorial School. In the year 1947 further land was acquired and Jhargram Raj constructed Building and the estate to develop it donated a substantial amount to the secondary stage and with the help of the then Chief Minister, Prafulla Chandra Ghosh the institution become pure Govt. School and renamed after the first wife of Raja Saheb Rani Binode Manjuri Govt. Girl's School and it is now one of the best school of West Bengal. It would be in justifiable if we do not describe his humanly good qualities of Raja Narasingha Malla Ugal Sanda Deb, during his twenty-five years of reign. He has donated during this short space of time 19 lacs of rupee cash and 10 thousand bighas of land in this area for development of different institutions extending from Calcutta Bangiya Sahitya Parishad to Delhi Kali Bari. In the Midnapore District Town he has donated for construction of building & donated fund purchase Lobmary's Books and borne all the expenses to built Jhargram Stadium at Midnapore. But now the name 'Jhargram Stadium' has been changed to 'Aurobinda Stadium' after his death. At the consent of Raj the Court of Wards gave family land and grant for establishment of Hospital in the name of Chandi Charan Charitable Hospital. Later on in every Tahsil area a charitable hospital on a miniature scale was established for Primary treatment in the near by villages. He has got many other qualities, which are worth mentioning. He was very much lover and entrust sports and games like his uncle Ganga Charan Malla Deb. At this time Rs. 20 / 22 thousand was allotted and sanctioned and subscribed every year for the development sports. He was a very a good angler and Shikari for which he won many trophies are still in the Palace. Rather than this he was a very good Photographer. He had won many international prizes from Switzerland, Thailand, Singapore and Russia. He was conferred the title of Raja in 1920 and honored with O.B.E (Officer of the British Empire) and K.C.B.A (Knight Commander of the British Army) status by the British. He inherited a keen interest and ear for music from his family. Music was his interest qualities from his family, he had a deep knowledge of Baishnab Sangeet. Due to his popularity in this area Dr. Bidhan Ch. Roy the then Chief Minister of Bengal wanted to exploit his popularity and requested his to contest in 1st and 2nd Loke Sabha election from Midnapore Constituency which he won easily with a record margin. He expired on 11.11.1976 in Calcutta.
His good natured and efficient son Shri Birendra Bijoy Malla Deb after finishing University education got involved in for Politics and he was three times Member of Legislative Assembly of West Bengal from Jhargram constituency. He was a very good Cricket Player and was the captain of cricket team from school to university and three time received the best legislator award in the West Bengal legislative assembly. He had established many family business so that his family is able to cope with the modern tune. And later on he retained from all activities due to illness.
His mother Rani Binod Manjuri Devi expired in the year 1945. Who came from Maharaja Mayurbhanj's family.
Raja Birendra Bijoy married Rani Indira Devi daughter of Maharaja Sonepur(Orissa), which was feudatory state with a nine-gun salute in the British Regime.Rani Indira Devi coming from such a high honored state having so much of luxuries, she lived and passed 40 years in Jhargram and she felt shy if any body described her past activity in her father's house. It would not exaggeration to say that she was rather say the navigator of Jhargram Royal family. She looked every thing and guide in a right way. She had got clear vision in everything small big and proud less in nature.
She was very much skilled in even stitching garland for Shri Shri Radharamanji, thus family deity. And very kind to her family employees and had never taken revenge to the persons who behave ill with her and she was attached to various charitable institutions.
Rani Indira Devi died on 25th July 1997 while Raja Birendra Bijoy Malla Deb died on 22nd February 2000. They are succeeded by their two sons Raja Shivendra Bijoy Malla Deb and Kumar Joydeep Malla Deb and two daughters Radharani and Rajshree. Both Shivendra and Joydeep are looking after their family business and involved in politics and members of the Indian National Congress Party. Raja Shivendra Bijoy Malla Deb is married to Jyoti Devi of Balarampur Royal family Orissa and they have a son Vikramaditya Malladeb while Kumar Joydeep Malla Deb is married to Preity Devi daughter of Rao Sahab Shankareshwar Pratap Singh of Rampur Naikin, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, they have a son Harshvardhan Malla Deb and a daughter Rajnandini Malla Deb.
Source: Dept of Archives.Jhargram Raj Palace.
[edit]Geography
Jhargram is located at 22.45°N 86.98°E[1]. It has an average elevation of 81 metres (265 feet). This city is surrounded with dense Saal forests and situated on Howrah Mumbai main railway line
[edit]Today
Jhargram is the Sub-Divisional town of Jhargram Sub-Division situated in the western part of Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal. Beyond the Gangetic plains of Bengal, Jhargram offers the most exotic beauties of undulating topography culminating in hill ranges of Belpahari, Kankrajhor in the North to the serene beauties of meandering Subarnarekha river in the South. Jhargram is the paradise of nature lovers with bountiful forests of sal, mahul, wild elephants, deer and birds. The ancient temples, royal palaces, folk tunes and rhythms of tribal make it all the more attractive destination of tourists who love to discover the unknown and unaffected beauties of nature. I like to appeal to all nature loving tourists to come to Jhargram - smell it, feel it and inspire others to visit it.
Sub-Divisional Officer, Jhargram
[edit]Place of interest
Rohini: This is a historical village situated in the bank of Subarnarekha River. Birth place of famous Vaishnav saint Rashikanandaji maharaj. Jhargram Raj Palace,Sri Sri Savitri Maata Mandir,Deer Park,Jungal Mahal,Rose Garden ,MPS farm ,Chilkigarh,Sri Sri Kanak Durga Mandir,Kanrajhor,Sutan Forest,Jhilimili. Gopivallavpur,Rameshwar Shiv mandir,Tapovan.
[edit]Art and Culture
JHARGRAM is the golden treasury of tribal dances. The Santals, Mundas, Bhumijs, Lodhas and Sabars (aboriginal tribes) co-exist here. Their social performances, religious rites and rituals are expressed through dances amid jungles. Some of these tribal dances are at the verge of extinction. We would represent the rare tribal folk-dances in the following manner : Bhuang: It is a popular and beautiful folk-dance of the Santals. During Durgotsab (Durga Puja) the Vijaya-dasami is the auspicious day for Bhuang-dance. A myth is there, only male artists wearing dhuties on knee, napkin around waist, red tape in unpolished hair and feathers of peacock upon head; dance from afternoon to night. This dance is named after a peculiar musical instrument called 'Bhuang'. The Bhuang is made of pumpkin. Chang-Dance: Far away from civilized society the aboriginal hunting tribe Lodha & Sabars reside. They live in the woods. Their only dance is 'Chang'. It is generally held during worship, marriage and sometime during funerals also. A daffli like musical instrument is 'changu' made from karat tree is needed at the time of dancing. Five to Seven Lodha male artists participate in it. They dance in encircling from evening to mid-night amid the jungles. It is very thrilling. The dance is quite unknown to the greater world. It is a matter of great tragedy that due to rapid urbanization, cultural aggression and influence of external culture, this dance is becoming extinct. Chhou: Originally Chhouu dance is a tropical traditional composition of a place in Purulia district of West Bengal. Having its base from Ramayana and Mahabharata, accepting different tales from these epics, the artist wear Mask of the heroes and perform the play. Chhou dance is the traditional dance belonging to Raj Family of Chilkigarh. It has gained international recognition. In later periods this dance spread in various places of Jhargram without the use of Masks. It is a rare war-dance of the Santal tribe of the forest-based areas. The dance is held during summer on the eve of hunting. Artists with arms show their heroic attitude with music. Only male santal youth take part in the dance. Musical instruments like Madals & Dhamsas and Bows-arrows, arms like Tangi are used in the dance. Ranpa: The dance is a rare Mundari dance. The artists use ladder made of bamboos while dancing. The dancers have to work hard during the dance. There is every chance to fall from ladder. The folk artists are young, use dhuties, red-napkins, red-tap on the forehead, wear stockings on their feet. Madal and dhamsas are the main musical-instruments. Saharul: It is a seasonal dance of the Santals. When new leaves grow on Sal-trees in the Bengali month 'Vaisak' (April-May) the Santals worship their Goddess 'Mamarey' under an old Sal tree and welcome leafy Sal trees by their unusual dance. The dance is called 'Saharul' or 'Sarul'. Both male and female artists wearing dhuties and saries, wearing flowers in their head dance encircling. Madal, Dhamsa, Jhumka, are the musical instruments played by male artists. The dance is performed since morning to evening.
[edit]Tusu song
"Chal Tusu Naite Jabo
Balite bandh Bandhabo
Kalir Jale Naiyan Karibo
Jharnae Kesh Milabo."
Tusu: Tusu is the integral part of the rural lifestyle, which comes from within the music and dance. Mainly the Kurmis and Mahatos are entitled to this ancient form of art. It is a seasonal festival. Tusu is reaping of the sown. Here reaping means a child. That is why women play a main part.
Bhadhu: Bhadhu is a harvesting song. It is all round the year sadness for the Tusu and Bhadhu.Tusu and Bhadhu is the crop with gold.
[edit]Hotels
The Palace Tourist Resort , Kaushalya Heritage, Doolung Guest House, MPS Resorts & Hotels, Aranya Sundari Guest House, Banani Atithi Nibas, Jhargram Guest House.
[edit]Demographics
As of 2001 India census[2], Jhargram had a population of 53,158. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jhargram has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 71%. In Jhargram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The Jhargram palace
Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary
Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary (Bengali: রায়গঞ্জ বন্যপ্রাণী অভয়ারণ্য Raegônj Bonnoprani Ôbhôearonno) (also known as Kulik Bird Sanctuary) is situated near Raiganj in Uttar Dinajpur district in the Indian state of West Bengal. The bird sanctuary is home to 164 species of birds,[1][2] and some 70,000 to 80,000 migratory birds visit the sanctuary every year.[3]
Contents [hide]
1 Location
1.1 Climate
2 History
3 Sanctuary
4 Heronry
5 Tourism
6 References
[edit]Location
It is located 4 km (2.5 mi) north from the centre of Raiganj town, the district headquarter. NH 34 runs beside the sanctuary.[1][2] Raiganj is 425 km (264 mi) from Kolkata and 181 km (112 mi) from Siliguri.[4]
[edit]Climate
Temperature (degrees Celsius): Summer - max. 25, min. 21; Winter - max. 23, min. 9.[4] Rainfall: 1,550 mm (July to September).[4]
[edit]History
The development of the area beagn in 1970, as part of the social forestry programme of the Government of West Bengal. The department planted tree species like kadam, jarul, sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo) and eucalyptus which were classified as tropical dry deciduous forest. With the Asian openbill and other species of migratory birds flocking to the artificial forest during the hatching season, it was officially designated as the "Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary" in the year 1985. It is popularly known as Kulik Bird Sanctuary because the river Kulik flows beside the sanctuary.[1][2]
[edit]Sanctuary
It is claimed by some to be the second largest bird sanctuary in Asia.[3][4] However, there are other claimants to that distinction, such as Harike Pattan sanctuary, spread over 93 square miles, in Tarn Taran district of Punjab.[5] Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, now known as Keoladeo National Park is considered the largest in Asia.[6]
The area of the sanctuary is around 1.30 km². The core area is about 0.14 km² and the rest is buffer area. The river flows around part of the sanctuary and acts as the boundary in its eastern and southern parts. The shape of the sanctuary is that of the English alphabet "U". The sanctuary has a network of artificial canals connected with the river Kulik. During monsoon the river water enters the sanctuary, which supports a wide variety of food for the birds, particularly for the Asian openbill, whose main diet is apple snail. The sanctuary is home to 164 species of birds.[1][2]
Several types of migratory birds arrive here each year from South Asian countries and coastal regions.[3] They start arriving from June. The migratory species includes open-bill storks, egrets, night herons and cormorants.[7] The resident birds are kites, flycatchers, owls, kingfishers, woodpeckers, drongoes, etc.[7]
According to a 2002 census, 77,012 birds visited the sanctuary that year.[8] In 2003, the figure was even higher at 81,384. In 2008 (according to a census), 91,540 birds visited.[9] An average of 70,000 to 80,000 birds visit the sanctuary.[3]
Here is a description from a visitor: “On our way out from Kolkata to Raiganj, we were about to cross the bridge over the Kulik river on National Highway 34 when we saw hundreds of storks circling a patch of forest across the river. Intuitively, I knew we had arrived... Once up there (tourist lodge observatory)... we saw that all the 30-odd trees in the lodge compound were occupied by hundreds of open-billed storks... During our half-hour in the observatory, we saw flocks flying overhead carrying twigs to build their nests. Those that already had nests were busy sitting on eggs or tending to hatchlings. It was equally fascinating watching some taking time off from family chores to preen themselves and smooth ruffled feathers.”[8]
[edit]Heronry
Global population of the Asian openbill is estimated to be 130,000 by Wetland International, and around half of them live in Asia. The species is known to breed in a colony, called heronry, but there are very few heronries in India, particularly those that are well protected against human greed. Ornithologically, Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary is a very important heronry. As per the breeding population data of Asian openbills, the sanctuary reveals that it regularly supports 32 - 40 percent of the existing population of Asian openbills of South Asia. A heronry, which supports such a high percentage of Asian openbills, is not only a nationally important heronry but also an internationally important heronry.[1]
[edit]Tourism
The number of tourists visiting the sanctuary has been rising. The district administration has constructed the Raiganj Kulik Park, close to the sanctuary, with the objective of enhancing the beauty of the area. Funds were collected from Border Area Development Project, MP Local Area Development Fund, Tenth Finance, Uttar Banga Unnayan Parshad, Rastriya Samavikash Yojona, National Food For Work and MLA Local Area Development Fund.[10]
During the period from December to February, numerous visitors from different districts of West Bengal and Bihar visit the sanctuary, and a large number of them organise picnics. They not only disturb the birds but also dirty the place. Raiganj social forestry division has decided to construct a picnic spot at Bhattadighi nearby, with water facilities, some shades, toilets, a small park and a foot track.[11]
Contents [hide]
1 Location
1.1 Climate
2 History
3 Sanctuary
4 Heronry
5 Tourism
6 References
[edit]Location
It is located 4 km (2.5 mi) north from the centre of Raiganj town, the district headquarter. NH 34 runs beside the sanctuary.[1][2] Raiganj is 425 km (264 mi) from Kolkata and 181 km (112 mi) from Siliguri.[4]
[edit]Climate
Temperature (degrees Celsius): Summer - max. 25, min. 21; Winter - max. 23, min. 9.[4] Rainfall: 1,550 mm (July to September).[4]
[edit]History
The development of the area beagn in 1970, as part of the social forestry programme of the Government of West Bengal. The department planted tree species like kadam, jarul, sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo) and eucalyptus which were classified as tropical dry deciduous forest. With the Asian openbill and other species of migratory birds flocking to the artificial forest during the hatching season, it was officially designated as the "Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary" in the year 1985. It is popularly known as Kulik Bird Sanctuary because the river Kulik flows beside the sanctuary.[1][2]
[edit]Sanctuary
It is claimed by some to be the second largest bird sanctuary in Asia.[3][4] However, there are other claimants to that distinction, such as Harike Pattan sanctuary, spread over 93 square miles, in Tarn Taran district of Punjab.[5] Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary, now known as Keoladeo National Park is considered the largest in Asia.[6]
The area of the sanctuary is around 1.30 km². The core area is about 0.14 km² and the rest is buffer area. The river flows around part of the sanctuary and acts as the boundary in its eastern and southern parts. The shape of the sanctuary is that of the English alphabet "U". The sanctuary has a network of artificial canals connected with the river Kulik. During monsoon the river water enters the sanctuary, which supports a wide variety of food for the birds, particularly for the Asian openbill, whose main diet is apple snail. The sanctuary is home to 164 species of birds.[1][2]
Several types of migratory birds arrive here each year from South Asian countries and coastal regions.[3] They start arriving from June. The migratory species includes open-bill storks, egrets, night herons and cormorants.[7] The resident birds are kites, flycatchers, owls, kingfishers, woodpeckers, drongoes, etc.[7]
According to a 2002 census, 77,012 birds visited the sanctuary that year.[8] In 2003, the figure was even higher at 81,384. In 2008 (according to a census), 91,540 birds visited.[9] An average of 70,000 to 80,000 birds visit the sanctuary.[3]
Here is a description from a visitor: “On our way out from Kolkata to Raiganj, we were about to cross the bridge over the Kulik river on National Highway 34 when we saw hundreds of storks circling a patch of forest across the river. Intuitively, I knew we had arrived... Once up there (tourist lodge observatory)... we saw that all the 30-odd trees in the lodge compound were occupied by hundreds of open-billed storks... During our half-hour in the observatory, we saw flocks flying overhead carrying twigs to build their nests. Those that already had nests were busy sitting on eggs or tending to hatchlings. It was equally fascinating watching some taking time off from family chores to preen themselves and smooth ruffled feathers.”[8]
[edit]Heronry
Global population of the Asian openbill is estimated to be 130,000 by Wetland International, and around half of them live in Asia. The species is known to breed in a colony, called heronry, but there are very few heronries in India, particularly those that are well protected against human greed. Ornithologically, Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary is a very important heronry. As per the breeding population data of Asian openbills, the sanctuary reveals that it regularly supports 32 - 40 percent of the existing population of Asian openbills of South Asia. A heronry, which supports such a high percentage of Asian openbills, is not only a nationally important heronry but also an internationally important heronry.[1]
[edit]Tourism
The number of tourists visiting the sanctuary has been rising. The district administration has constructed the Raiganj Kulik Park, close to the sanctuary, with the objective of enhancing the beauty of the area. Funds were collected from Border Area Development Project, MP Local Area Development Fund, Tenth Finance, Uttar Banga Unnayan Parshad, Rastriya Samavikash Yojona, National Food For Work and MLA Local Area Development Fund.[10]
During the period from December to February, numerous visitors from different districts of West Bengal and Bihar visit the sanctuary, and a large number of them organise picnics. They not only disturb the birds but also dirty the place. Raiganj social forestry division has decided to construct a picnic spot at Bhattadighi nearby, with water facilities, some shades, toilets, a small park and a foot track.[11]
Gosaba
Gosaba (Bengali: গোসাবা) is a village in the Canning subdivision of South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the last inhabited area before the deep forests of the Sundarbans start. It has a police station, a community development block, and an assembly constituency. The area symbolises man’s struggle against nature and predators.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Administration
5 Politics
6 Economy
6.1 Honey collection
6.2 Tourism
6.3 Power
7 Education
8 Health
9 References
[edit]History
Sir Daniel Mackinnon Hamilton, a Scotsman, had travelled to Kolkata to work for MacKinnon & McKenzie, a company with which he had family connections. The company sold tickets for the P&O shipping line, then one of the largest in the world. Hamilton became head of the company and master of an immense fortune, one of the richest men in British India. Another man may have taken his money and gone away but Hamilton set his eyes on the deltaic islands in south Bengal. In 1903, he bought 10,000 acres (40 km2) of the tide country from the government – it included such islands as Gosaba, Rangabelia, and Satjelia. His efforts at developing these places brought in other people into these islands. They were people who dared not only to struggle against nature but also the predators that lived there – tigers, crocodiles, sharks and lizards. They killed so many people that Hamilton gave rewards to people who killed them.[1]
[edit]Geography
Gosaba is located at 22.16°N 88.80°E[2]. It has an average elevation of 4 metres (13 feet). Gosaba is one of the main deltaic islands in the Sundarban region, bounded by the Matala and Zilli rivers/ creeks. It is the last inhabited area before the deep forests start. Kolkata to Sonakhali (opposite Basanti) is 100 km, it takes about three hours by road. Sonakhali to Gosaba is about 1½ hours by powered boat.[3] Sundarbans are home to some 270 man-eating tigers. Sixteen of them have entered the villages of Gosaba between 2001 and 2004.[4]
[edit]Demographics
In the 2001 census, Gosaba community development block had a population of 222,764 out of which 113,827 were males and 108,937 were females. The entire population is classified as rural.[5]
[edit]Administration
Gosaba is an intermediate panchayat (local self-government) under South 24 Parganas district. Village panchayats under it are – Amtali, Bali I and II, Bipradaspur, Chhota Mollakhali, Gosaba, Kachukhali, Kumirmari, Lahiripur, Pathankhali, Radhanagar-Taranagar, Rangabelia, Satjelia and Sambhunagar.[6]
[edit]Politics
In the 2006 assembly elections, Chittaranjan Mandal of RSP won the Gosaba (SC) seat defeating his nearest rival Jayanta Naskar of AITC. Ganesh Mondal of RSP won the seat from 1977 to 2001, defeating Sujit Pramanick of AITC/ INC in 2001 and 1996, Jitendranath Gayen of INC in 1991, Pramila Biswas of INC in 1987, Sandhyakar Mondal of INC in 1982 and Paresh Baidya of INC in 1977.[7]
Gosaba assembly constituency is part of Joynagar (Lok Sabha constituency).[8]
[edit]Economy
The Hungry Tide
The destitution of the tide country was such as to remind them of the terrible famine that had devastated Bengal in 1942, except that… hunger and catastrophe were a way of life… the land had still not been wholly leached of its salt. The soil bore poor crops and could not be farmed all year round. Most families subsisted on a single daily meal. Despite all the labour that had been invested in the embankments, there were still periodic breaches because of floods and storms: each such inundation rendered the land infertile for several years at a time… Hunger drove them to hunting and fishing and the results were often disastrous. Many died of drowning, and many more were picked off by crocodiles and estuarine sharks. Nor did the mangroves offer much of immediate value to human beings – yet thousand risked death in order to collect meagre quantities of honey, wax, firewood and the sour fruit of kewra trees. No day seemed to pass without news about someone being killed by a tiger, a snake or a crocodile.[9]
Amitav Ghosh
[edit]Honey collection
Around 20,000 kg of honey is collected every year from forests of Sundarbans. Mostly people from the Kultali, Joynagar, Basanti, Gosaba and Canning are honey collectors. The number of honey collectors has dwindled from around 1,500 a few years back to around 700 in 2007. From 1985 through 2004, about 75 honey collectors were killed by tigers in the forests. Now all honey collectors are insured for Rs. 50,000. The forest department has also intensified vigilance during the honey collection period. The range officers and guards are on full alert. No deaths have been reported since 2004.[10]
[edit]Tourism
The main tourist centre in the region is Sajnekhali in the heart of the Sundarbans tiger reserve, where the state tourist department has a lodge with basic amenities. Sajnekhali is about 1½ hours by boat from Gosaba. Most tourist boats go past Gosaba. Some tourists travel to Gosaba on their way to Pakhiralay (the home of the birds). Foreigners need a special permit to enter Sunderbans, which is issued in Kolkata by the Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal.[3] Help Tourism's small Jungle Camp is at Bali island, outside the tiger reserve. Sunderban Tiger Camp at Dayapur, Gosaba has 14 rooms.[11]
[edit]Power
Villages in the deltaic region of Sundarbans do not have access to conventional forms of energy. A 1x500 kW biomass based power plant was installed at Gosaba island, in June, 1997 and has been running successfully, serving about 650 consumers through a network of distribution lines. The power plant is being run on a commercial basis by the Gosaba Rural Energy Cooperative. A 500 kW gasifier based power plant was commissioned in the remote island of Chhotomollakhali in June, 2001.[12]
Plans are afoot to set up a 3.6 MW power plant in Durgaduani creek utilising tidal water. The Durgaduani creek is between the rivers Bidyadhari and Gomdi Khal. It is about 8.5 km long and has an average width of 145 metres. Tidal water will be stored and then let out to generate electricity using four turbines. There will be two gates at either end at Gosaba and Sonagaon to form a low head.[13]
[edit]Education
Educational institutions in Gosaba - Sundarban Hazi Dasarat College (Pathankhali), Gosaba Rural Reconstruction (Government sponsored) Institution, Rangabelia High School, Sambhunagar High School, Bipradaspur High School (Manmathanagar), Mongol Chandra Vidyapith (Chotomollakhali),Satjelia Natavar Vidyayatan(satjelia).[14]
[edit]Health
Although in South 24 Parganas district groundwater is affected by arsenic contamination, in Gosaba all the tubewells analyzed were arsenic safe (below 10 µg/L). The probable reason may be that being a coastal area most of the tubewells draw water from less contaminated deep aquifers.[15]
World Wildlife Fund has organized workshops on the treatment of snakebite victims in Gosaba block with the local quacks, ojhas and gunins, people who attend the local patients, to enhance the scientific knowledge of such people.[16]
Four launches with doctors carrying medicines, sophisticated portable X-ray and echo-cardiograph machines, provided by the French author Dominique Lapierre move along the waterways of the Sundarbans to its furthest corners. Residents of such places as Sandeshkhali, Basanti, Gosaba and Kultali have felicitated him when he came in 2004.[17]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Administration
5 Politics
6 Economy
6.1 Honey collection
6.2 Tourism
6.3 Power
7 Education
8 Health
9 References
[edit]History
Sir Daniel Mackinnon Hamilton, a Scotsman, had travelled to Kolkata to work for MacKinnon & McKenzie, a company with which he had family connections. The company sold tickets for the P&O shipping line, then one of the largest in the world. Hamilton became head of the company and master of an immense fortune, one of the richest men in British India. Another man may have taken his money and gone away but Hamilton set his eyes on the deltaic islands in south Bengal. In 1903, he bought 10,000 acres (40 km2) of the tide country from the government – it included such islands as Gosaba, Rangabelia, and Satjelia. His efforts at developing these places brought in other people into these islands. They were people who dared not only to struggle against nature but also the predators that lived there – tigers, crocodiles, sharks and lizards. They killed so many people that Hamilton gave rewards to people who killed them.[1]
[edit]Geography
Gosaba is located at 22.16°N 88.80°E[2]. It has an average elevation of 4 metres (13 feet). Gosaba is one of the main deltaic islands in the Sundarban region, bounded by the Matala and Zilli rivers/ creeks. It is the last inhabited area before the deep forests start. Kolkata to Sonakhali (opposite Basanti) is 100 km, it takes about three hours by road. Sonakhali to Gosaba is about 1½ hours by powered boat.[3] Sundarbans are home to some 270 man-eating tigers. Sixteen of them have entered the villages of Gosaba between 2001 and 2004.[4]
[edit]Demographics
In the 2001 census, Gosaba community development block had a population of 222,764 out of which 113,827 were males and 108,937 were females. The entire population is classified as rural.[5]
[edit]Administration
Gosaba is an intermediate panchayat (local self-government) under South 24 Parganas district. Village panchayats under it are – Amtali, Bali I and II, Bipradaspur, Chhota Mollakhali, Gosaba, Kachukhali, Kumirmari, Lahiripur, Pathankhali, Radhanagar-Taranagar, Rangabelia, Satjelia and Sambhunagar.[6]
[edit]Politics
In the 2006 assembly elections, Chittaranjan Mandal of RSP won the Gosaba (SC) seat defeating his nearest rival Jayanta Naskar of AITC. Ganesh Mondal of RSP won the seat from 1977 to 2001, defeating Sujit Pramanick of AITC/ INC in 2001 and 1996, Jitendranath Gayen of INC in 1991, Pramila Biswas of INC in 1987, Sandhyakar Mondal of INC in 1982 and Paresh Baidya of INC in 1977.[7]
Gosaba assembly constituency is part of Joynagar (Lok Sabha constituency).[8]
[edit]Economy
The Hungry Tide
The destitution of the tide country was such as to remind them of the terrible famine that had devastated Bengal in 1942, except that… hunger and catastrophe were a way of life… the land had still not been wholly leached of its salt. The soil bore poor crops and could not be farmed all year round. Most families subsisted on a single daily meal. Despite all the labour that had been invested in the embankments, there were still periodic breaches because of floods and storms: each such inundation rendered the land infertile for several years at a time… Hunger drove them to hunting and fishing and the results were often disastrous. Many died of drowning, and many more were picked off by crocodiles and estuarine sharks. Nor did the mangroves offer much of immediate value to human beings – yet thousand risked death in order to collect meagre quantities of honey, wax, firewood and the sour fruit of kewra trees. No day seemed to pass without news about someone being killed by a tiger, a snake or a crocodile.[9]
Amitav Ghosh
[edit]Honey collection
Around 20,000 kg of honey is collected every year from forests of Sundarbans. Mostly people from the Kultali, Joynagar, Basanti, Gosaba and Canning are honey collectors. The number of honey collectors has dwindled from around 1,500 a few years back to around 700 in 2007. From 1985 through 2004, about 75 honey collectors were killed by tigers in the forests. Now all honey collectors are insured for Rs. 50,000. The forest department has also intensified vigilance during the honey collection period. The range officers and guards are on full alert. No deaths have been reported since 2004.[10]
[edit]Tourism
The main tourist centre in the region is Sajnekhali in the heart of the Sundarbans tiger reserve, where the state tourist department has a lodge with basic amenities. Sajnekhali is about 1½ hours by boat from Gosaba. Most tourist boats go past Gosaba. Some tourists travel to Gosaba on their way to Pakhiralay (the home of the birds). Foreigners need a special permit to enter Sunderbans, which is issued in Kolkata by the Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal.[3] Help Tourism's small Jungle Camp is at Bali island, outside the tiger reserve. Sunderban Tiger Camp at Dayapur, Gosaba has 14 rooms.[11]
[edit]Power
Villages in the deltaic region of Sundarbans do not have access to conventional forms of energy. A 1x500 kW biomass based power plant was installed at Gosaba island, in June, 1997 and has been running successfully, serving about 650 consumers through a network of distribution lines. The power plant is being run on a commercial basis by the Gosaba Rural Energy Cooperative. A 500 kW gasifier based power plant was commissioned in the remote island of Chhotomollakhali in June, 2001.[12]
Plans are afoot to set up a 3.6 MW power plant in Durgaduani creek utilising tidal water. The Durgaduani creek is between the rivers Bidyadhari and Gomdi Khal. It is about 8.5 km long and has an average width of 145 metres. Tidal water will be stored and then let out to generate electricity using four turbines. There will be two gates at either end at Gosaba and Sonagaon to form a low head.[13]
[edit]Education
Educational institutions in Gosaba - Sundarban Hazi Dasarat College (Pathankhali), Gosaba Rural Reconstruction (Government sponsored) Institution, Rangabelia High School, Sambhunagar High School, Bipradaspur High School (Manmathanagar), Mongol Chandra Vidyapith (Chotomollakhali),Satjelia Natavar Vidyayatan(satjelia).[14]
[edit]Health
Although in South 24 Parganas district groundwater is affected by arsenic contamination, in Gosaba all the tubewells analyzed were arsenic safe (below 10 µg/L). The probable reason may be that being a coastal area most of the tubewells draw water from less contaminated deep aquifers.[15]
World Wildlife Fund has organized workshops on the treatment of snakebite victims in Gosaba block with the local quacks, ojhas and gunins, people who attend the local patients, to enhance the scientific knowledge of such people.[16]
Four launches with doctors carrying medicines, sophisticated portable X-ray and echo-cardiograph machines, provided by the French author Dominique Lapierre move along the waterways of the Sundarbans to its furthest corners. Residents of such places as Sandeshkhali, Basanti, Gosaba and Kultali have felicitated him when he came in 2004.[17]
The Chilapata Forest
The Chilapata Forest is a dense forest near Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary in Dooars, Jalpaiguri District. It is about 20 km from Alipurduar, and just a few minutes away from Hasimara town. Until recently, the area was known for dacoity, but it is now safe for tourists.
[edit]Ecology
Indian Leopard
The forest forms an elephant corridor between Jaldapara and the Buxa Tiger Reserve[1], and is rich in wildlife. New species continue to be found[2]. The forest used to be home to large Rhinoceros populations. In hunting expeditions in 1892-1904, in and around Chilapata Forest, the Maharajah of Cooch Behar recorded killing one rhino, injury of one, and sighting of over 14[3]. Rhinos now extremely rare. Leopards are still common[4].
It is hoped that eco-tourism will provide a new source of income for the indigenous Rabha people, who now depend on the forest mainly for firewood.[5]
[edit]Tourism
The West Bengal Forest Development Corporation (WBFDC) runs an eco-tourism resort at Kodalbasti, providing basic accommodation.
One of the main attractions is the ruined "Nalraja Garh", or fort of the Nal kings, built in the Gupta period in the fifth century C.E., the Golden Age of India. Although poorly maintained, the site has considerable archaeological interest. Other activities include Tonga rides through Mathura tea garden, boating on the Bania river and angling on the confluence of the Kalchini, Bania and Buri Basra[6].
[edit]Ecology
Indian Leopard
The forest forms an elephant corridor between Jaldapara and the Buxa Tiger Reserve[1], and is rich in wildlife. New species continue to be found[2]. The forest used to be home to large Rhinoceros populations. In hunting expeditions in 1892-1904, in and around Chilapata Forest, the Maharajah of Cooch Behar recorded killing one rhino, injury of one, and sighting of over 14[3]. Rhinos now extremely rare. Leopards are still common[4].
It is hoped that eco-tourism will provide a new source of income for the indigenous Rabha people, who now depend on the forest mainly for firewood.[5]
[edit]Tourism
The West Bengal Forest Development Corporation (WBFDC) runs an eco-tourism resort at Kodalbasti, providing basic accommodation.
One of the main attractions is the ruined "Nalraja Garh", or fort of the Nal kings, built in the Gupta period in the fifth century C.E., the Golden Age of India. Although poorly maintained, the site has considerable archaeological interest. Other activities include Tonga rides through Mathura tea garden, boating on the Bania river and angling on the confluence of the Kalchini, Bania and Buri Basra[6].
The Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal (Bangla: বঙ্গোপসাগর)IPA:ˈbɒŋɡopoʃɑːˈgoɽ), the largest bay of the world, forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. It resembles a triangle in shape, and is bordered by Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal to the north (where the name comes from), India and Sri Lanka to the west and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the east.
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 km². A number of large rivers – Padma (distributary of Ganges), Meghna (distributary of Brahmaputra), Jamuna (branch of Brahmaputra, Ayeyarwady, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri) – flow into the Bay of Bengal. Among the important ports are Cuddalore, Chennai, Kakinada, Tuticorin, Machilipatnam, Vishakapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata, Mongla, Chittagong and Yangon.
Contents [hide]
1 Extent
2 Etymology
3 Rivers
4 Seaports
5 Islands
6 Beaches
7 Oceanography
7.1 Plate tectonics
7.2 Marine geology
7.3 Marine biology, flora and fauna
7.4 Chemical oceanography
7.5 Physical oceanography - Climate of the Bay of Bengal
8 Tropical storms and cyclones
9 Historic sites
10 Economy
11 Strategic importance
11.1 To Bangladesh
11.2 To China
11.3 To India
12 Environmental hazards
12.1 Pollution
13 History
13.1 British penal colony
14 Marine archaeology
14.1 Famous ships and shipwrecks
15 See also
16 References
17 External links
18 Sources
[edit]Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows:[1]
On the East. A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E and thence along the Southwest limit of the Burma Sea [A line running from Oedjong Raja (5°32′N 95°12′E) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea].
On the South. Adam's Bridge (between India and Ceylon [Sri Lanka]) and from the Southern extreme of Dondra Head (South point of Ceylon) to the North point of Poeloe Bras (5°44′N 95°04′E).
[edit]Etymology
In the 10th century the explosion of Indianized kingdoms, led by the Chola Empire, resulted in the Bay of Bengal being known as the Chola Lake. It later came to be known as Bangal ki Khadi in Hindi after the region of Bengal.[2] Bengal comes from the Sanskrit Banga or Vanga which refers to the delta waters of the river Ganga.[3][4]
[edit]Rivers
The Sunderbans, at the mouth of river Ganges spreads across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India.
Many major rivers of India and Bangladesh flow west to east into the Bay of Bengal: in the north, the Ganges River (or Ganga), Meghna River and Brahmaputra River rivers, and in the south Mahanadi River through the Mahanadi River Delta, Godavari River, Krishna River, Irrawaddy and Kaveri River (sometimes written as Cauvery) rivers. The shortest classified river which drains into the Bay of Bengal is Cooum River at 64 km. Brahmaputra is the 28th longest River in the World (2,948 km or 1,832 mi), and it discharges into the 'Bay of Bengal' and travels through India, P.R. China, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan. The Sundarbans mangrove forest is formed at the delta of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. The Ayeyarwady River of Myanmar also flows into the bay.
[edit]Seaports
The Vizag seaport in India is the busiest port in the Bay of Bengal region in terms of cargo handled.
Major Bangladesh ports on the bay include Chittagong and Mongla. Major Indian ports on the bay include Krishnapatnam, Chennai (formerly Madras), Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), and Pondicherry. Yangon, the largest city and former capital of Myanmar is also an important port in the bay.
[edit]Islands
The islands in the bay are very numerous, including the Andaman, Nicobar and Mergui groups. The group of islands, Cheduba and others, in the north-east, off the Burmese coast, are remarkable for a chain of mud volcanoes, which are occasionally active. Great Andaman is the main archipelago or island group of the Andaman Islands, whereas Ritchie's Archipelago consists of smaller islands. Only 37 of the 572 islands and islets of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited, or 6.5%.[5]
[edit]Beaches
Cox's Bazar, one of the longest stretches of beaches in the world.[6]
Sunrise at Kuakata
Sunset at Kuakata
Kuakata beach in Bangaldesh, one of the sea beaches of Bay of Bengal where from same location both sunrise and sunset at sea can be observed. Puri in Orissa, India has a beautiful beach from where both sunrise and sunset can be seen. There are many lovely beaches in Puri.
Sea Beach Location
Cox's Bazar Bangladesh
Kuakata Bangladesh
Bakkhali India
Digha India
Chandipur India
Puri India
Waltair India
Marina Beach India
Ngapali, Mayanmar
Arugram Sri lanka
[edit]Oceanography
The Bay of Bengal is a salt water sea and is a part of the Indian Ocean. It is also the largest bay in the world by area.
[edit]Plate tectonics
Floor of Bay of Bengal
The Indian plate, shown in red
The Indo-Australian plate, shown in dull orange
The lithosphere of the earth is broken up into what are called tectonic plates. Underneath the Bay of Bengal is the Indian Plate which is part of the great Indo-Australian Plate and is slowly moving north east. This plate meets the Burma Microplate at the Sunda Trench. The Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands are part of the Burma Microplate. The India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate at the Sunda Trench or Java Trench. Here, the pressure of the two plates on each other increase pressure and temperature resulting in the formation of volcanoes such as the volcanoes in Myanmar, and a volcanic arc called the Sunda Arc. Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Asian Tsunami was a result of the pressure at this zone causing a submarine earthquake which then resulted in a huge Tsunamai.[7]
[edit]Marine geology
A zone 50 m wide extending from the island of Ceylon and the Coromandel coast to the head of the bay, and thence southwards through a strip embracing the Andaman and Nicobar islands, is bounded by the 100 fathom line of sea bottom; some 50 m. beyond this lies the Soo-fathom limit. Opposite the mouth of the Ganges, however, the intervals between these depths are very much extended by deltaic influence.
Swatch of No Ground is a 14 km-wide deep sea canyon of the Bay of Bengal. The deepest recorded area of this valley is about 1340 m.[8]
[edit]Marine biology, flora and fauna
The sunderbans bordering the Bay of Bengal is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world.[9]
The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst coral reefs, estuaries, fish spawning and nursery areas, and mangroves. The Bay of Bengal is one of the World's 64 largest marine ecosystems.
Kerilia jerdonii is a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal. Glory of Bengal Cone (Conus bengalensis) is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal.[10] An endangered species, the Olive Ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Gahirmatha Beach, Orissa, India. Marlin, barracuda, skipjack tuna, (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna, Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis) , and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) are a few of the marine animals. Bay of Bengal Hogfish (Bodianus neilli) is a type of Wrass which live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs. Schools of dolphins can be seen, whether they are the bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) or the spinner dolphin (stenella longirostris) . Tuna and dolphins are usually residing in the same waters. In shallower and warmer coastal waters the Irrawaddy Dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) can be found.[11][12]
The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve proides sanctuary to many animals some of which include the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) , giant Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) , and Malayan box turtle (Cuora amboinensis kamaroma) to name a few.
Another endangered species Royal Bengal Tiger is supported by Sundarbans a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the Ganges River Delta.[13][14]
[edit]Chemical oceanography
Coastal regions bordering the Bay of Bengal are rich in minerals. Sri Lanka, Serendib, or Ratna – Dweepa which means Gem Island. Amethyst, beryl, ruby, sapphire, topaz, and garnet are just some of the gems of Sri Lanka. Garnet and other precious gems are also found in abundance in the Indian states of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.[15]
[edit]Physical oceanography - Climate of the Bay of Bengal
From January to October, the current is northward flowing, and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the "East Indian Current." The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands first end of May, then the North Eastern Coast of India by end of June.
The remainder of the year, the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing, and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet. September and December see very active weather, season varsha (or monsoon), in the Bay of Bengal producing severe Cyclones which affect Eastern India. Several efforts have been initiated to cope with Storm surge.[16]
[edit]Tropical storms and cyclones
Aerial view of the devastation caused by Cyclone Nargis in Burma
A tropical storm with rotating winds blowing at speeds of 74 miles (119 kilometres) per hour are called cyclones when they originate over the Bay of Bengal; they are hurricanes in the Atlantic.[17] Between 100,000 and 500,000 residents of East Pakistan (Bangladesh) were killed because of the 1970 Bhola cyclone.
2008, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis
2007, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr
2006, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala
2006, September Typhoon Xangsane
2004, November Typhoon Muifa
2002, May Tropical Cyclone 2B
1991, April Bangladesh cyclone
1989, November Typhoon Gay
1985, May Tropical Storm One (1B)
1982, April Cyclone One (1B)
1982, May Tropical Storm Two (2B)
1982, October Tropical Storm Three (3B)
1981, December Cyclone Three (3B)
1980, October Tropical Storm One (1B)
1980, December Unknown Storm Four (4B)
1980, December Tropical Storm Five (5B)
1971, Cyclone Orissa
1970, November Bhola cyclone
[edit]Historic sites
Kumari Kandam, an antediluvian civilization, (South India) is also held in myth to be under the Bay of Bengal. Fisherman claim their nets have snagged, and on dives to free them they find pagodas, doorways, and temples to reinforce their belief of this ancient time.[18]
The remains of Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lies under the Bay of Bengal. Spokespersons from Andhra University Centre for Marine Archaeology say the temple may be located opposite the Coastal Battery.[19]
Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram is the name for Mahabalipuram. Mahabalipuram's Shore Temple was constructed in the eighth century AD and myth has it that six other temples were also built here.
Another historic site which has been preserved is Vivekanandar Illam. It was constructed in 1842 by the Ice King Frederic Tudor to store and market ice year round. In 1897, Swami Vivekananda famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy.
Konark is the home of the Sun Temple or Black Pagoda. This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid 1200 AD and has been declared a World Heritage Site.
Ramanathaswami Temple located at Dhanushkodi, where the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean come together.[20]
[edit]Economy
Arugam Point at the Arugam Bay in Sri Lanka beach attracts thousands of tourists
One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies more commonly referred to as British East India Company. Gopalpur was one of their main trading centers. Other trading companies along the Bay of Bengal shorelines were English East India Company and French East India Company.[21]
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) supports free trade internationally around the Bay of Bengal between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a new venture proposed which would create a channel for a shipping route to link the Gulf of Mannar with the Bay of Bengal. This would connect India east to west without the necessity of going around Sri Lanka.
Thoni and catamaran fishing boats of fishing villages thrive along the Bay of Bengal shorelines. Fishermen can catch between 26-44 species of marine fish.[22] In one year, the average catch is 2 million tons of fish from the Bay of Bengal alone.[23]
[edit]Strategic importance
[edit]To Bangladesh
Being Bangladesh's only sea boundary, the Bay of Bengal has a significant role in the country. Bangladesh navy performs annual exercise in the bay [24] and exercise with international navy is also frequent. Bangladesh navy's last joint exercise with the US navy held on early 2009.[25]
[edit]To China
Rumor exists that China has a naval base in Myanmar's Coco island of Bay of Bengal. [26]
[edit]To India
The Bay of Bengal is strategically crucial for India because of the presence of outlying islands, namely Andaman islands and Nicobar islands and several major ports such as Kolkata, Chennai, Vizag, and Tuticorin along its coast with the Bay of Bengal. Much of the naval operations of the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War took place in the Bay of Bengal.[27]
The growing influence of China, due to support provided by Myanmar, has created geo-political implications for India.[28] India has held several major naval exercises with friendly countries, especially United States, to counter increasing Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean.[29][30] The largest ever wargame in Bay of Bengal, known as Malabar 2007, was held in 2007 and naval warships from India, US, Singapore, Japan and Australia took part in it. This exercise was widely viewed as "strategic encirclement of China".[29] India has forged naval cooperation agreements with Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia to increase its strategic reach in the region.[31] India also established Far Eastern Naval Command off Port Blair to increase surveillance in the adjoining Andaman Sea.[32]
The potential of natural gas exploitation also makes the Bay of Bengal important for India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.[31] Disputes over rights of some oil and gas blocks have caused brief diplomatic spats between India and Bangladesh.[33]
[edit]Environmental hazards
[edit]Pollution
The Asian brown cloud, a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from cooking fires, and industrial discharges.[34]
[edit]History
Ross Island, in the Andamans, was one of the main naval bases of British India during World War II
Due to continental drift, the India Plate split from Madagascar and collided with the Eurasian Plate resulting in the formation of the Himalayas and The Bay of Bengal.
Northern Circars occupied the western coast of the Bay of Bengal and is now considered to be India's Madras state. The Kakatiya dynasty reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. Kushanas about the middle of the 1st century AD invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal. Chola dynasty (9th century to 12th century) when ruled by Rajaraja Chola I occupied the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal circa AD 1014 Chandragupta Maurya extended the Maurya Dynasty across Northern India to the Bay of Bengal. Hajipur was a stronghold of Portuguese Pirates. In the 1500s the Portuguese built trading posts in the North of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong (Porto Grande) and Satgaon (Porto Pequeno).[35]
[edit]British penal colony
Cellular Jail or "Black Waters" built in 1896 on Ross Island, a part of the Andaman Island Chain. As early as 1858 this island was used as a British penal colony for political prisoners facing life imprisonment.
[edit]Marine archaeology
Maritime archaeology or marine archaeology is the study of material remains of ancient peoples. A specialized branch, Archaeology of shipwrecks studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships. Stone anchors, amphorae shards, elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth, ceramic pottery, a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive the test of time for archaeologists to study and place the salvaged findings into a time line of history. Coral reefs, tsuanamis, cyclones, mangrove swamps, battles and a criss cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with pirating have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal.[36]
[edit]Famous ships and shipwrecks
1778 to 1783 The Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal.
c1816 Mornington Ship burned in the Bay of Bengal[37]
1850 American clipper brig Eagle is supposed to have sunk in a Bay of Bengal[38]
American Baptist missionary Adoniram Judson, Jr. died April 12, 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal.
1855 The Bark "Incredible" struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal[39]
1865, a gale dismasted the Euterpe while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon.
1875 Veleda 76 m (250 ft) long and 15 m (50 ft) wide is a part of a current salvage operation.[40]
1942 Japanese cruiser Yura of the Second Expeditionary Fleet, Malay Force attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal.
1971 December 3 - It was claimed that Indian Navy destroyer INS Rajput sunk the Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Ghazi off of Vishakapatnam, in Bay Of Bengal List of naval battles.
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 km². A number of large rivers – Padma (distributary of Ganges), Meghna (distributary of Brahmaputra), Jamuna (branch of Brahmaputra, Ayeyarwady, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri) – flow into the Bay of Bengal. Among the important ports are Cuddalore, Chennai, Kakinada, Tuticorin, Machilipatnam, Vishakapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata, Mongla, Chittagong and Yangon.
Contents [hide]
1 Extent
2 Etymology
3 Rivers
4 Seaports
5 Islands
6 Beaches
7 Oceanography
7.1 Plate tectonics
7.2 Marine geology
7.3 Marine biology, flora and fauna
7.4 Chemical oceanography
7.5 Physical oceanography - Climate of the Bay of Bengal
8 Tropical storms and cyclones
9 Historic sites
10 Economy
11 Strategic importance
11.1 To Bangladesh
11.2 To China
11.3 To India
12 Environmental hazards
12.1 Pollution
13 History
13.1 British penal colony
14 Marine archaeology
14.1 Famous ships and shipwrecks
15 See also
16 References
17 External links
18 Sources
[edit]Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows:[1]
On the East. A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E and thence along the Southwest limit of the Burma Sea [A line running from Oedjong Raja (5°32′N 95°12′E) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea].
On the South. Adam's Bridge (between India and Ceylon [Sri Lanka]) and from the Southern extreme of Dondra Head (South point of Ceylon) to the North point of Poeloe Bras (5°44′N 95°04′E).
[edit]Etymology
In the 10th century the explosion of Indianized kingdoms, led by the Chola Empire, resulted in the Bay of Bengal being known as the Chola Lake. It later came to be known as Bangal ki Khadi in Hindi after the region of Bengal.[2] Bengal comes from the Sanskrit Banga or Vanga which refers to the delta waters of the river Ganga.[3][4]
[edit]Rivers
The Sunderbans, at the mouth of river Ganges spreads across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India.
Many major rivers of India and Bangladesh flow west to east into the Bay of Bengal: in the north, the Ganges River (or Ganga), Meghna River and Brahmaputra River rivers, and in the south Mahanadi River through the Mahanadi River Delta, Godavari River, Krishna River, Irrawaddy and Kaveri River (sometimes written as Cauvery) rivers. The shortest classified river which drains into the Bay of Bengal is Cooum River at 64 km. Brahmaputra is the 28th longest River in the World (2,948 km or 1,832 mi), and it discharges into the 'Bay of Bengal' and travels through India, P.R. China, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan. The Sundarbans mangrove forest is formed at the delta of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. The Ayeyarwady River of Myanmar also flows into the bay.
[edit]Seaports
The Vizag seaport in India is the busiest port in the Bay of Bengal region in terms of cargo handled.
Major Bangladesh ports on the bay include Chittagong and Mongla. Major Indian ports on the bay include Krishnapatnam, Chennai (formerly Madras), Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), and Pondicherry. Yangon, the largest city and former capital of Myanmar is also an important port in the bay.
[edit]Islands
The islands in the bay are very numerous, including the Andaman, Nicobar and Mergui groups. The group of islands, Cheduba and others, in the north-east, off the Burmese coast, are remarkable for a chain of mud volcanoes, which are occasionally active. Great Andaman is the main archipelago or island group of the Andaman Islands, whereas Ritchie's Archipelago consists of smaller islands. Only 37 of the 572 islands and islets of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited, or 6.5%.[5]
[edit]Beaches
Cox's Bazar, one of the longest stretches of beaches in the world.[6]
Sunrise at Kuakata
Sunset at Kuakata
Kuakata beach in Bangaldesh, one of the sea beaches of Bay of Bengal where from same location both sunrise and sunset at sea can be observed. Puri in Orissa, India has a beautiful beach from where both sunrise and sunset can be seen. There are many lovely beaches in Puri.
Sea Beach Location
Cox's Bazar Bangladesh
Kuakata Bangladesh
Bakkhali India
Digha India
Chandipur India
Puri India
Waltair India
Marina Beach India
Ngapali, Mayanmar
Arugram Sri lanka
[edit]Oceanography
The Bay of Bengal is a salt water sea and is a part of the Indian Ocean. It is also the largest bay in the world by area.
[edit]Plate tectonics
Floor of Bay of Bengal
The Indian plate, shown in red
The Indo-Australian plate, shown in dull orange
The lithosphere of the earth is broken up into what are called tectonic plates. Underneath the Bay of Bengal is the Indian Plate which is part of the great Indo-Australian Plate and is slowly moving north east. This plate meets the Burma Microplate at the Sunda Trench. The Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands are part of the Burma Microplate. The India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate at the Sunda Trench or Java Trench. Here, the pressure of the two plates on each other increase pressure and temperature resulting in the formation of volcanoes such as the volcanoes in Myanmar, and a volcanic arc called the Sunda Arc. Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Asian Tsunami was a result of the pressure at this zone causing a submarine earthquake which then resulted in a huge Tsunamai.[7]
[edit]Marine geology
A zone 50 m wide extending from the island of Ceylon and the Coromandel coast to the head of the bay, and thence southwards through a strip embracing the Andaman and Nicobar islands, is bounded by the 100 fathom line of sea bottom; some 50 m. beyond this lies the Soo-fathom limit. Opposite the mouth of the Ganges, however, the intervals between these depths are very much extended by deltaic influence.
Swatch of No Ground is a 14 km-wide deep sea canyon of the Bay of Bengal. The deepest recorded area of this valley is about 1340 m.[8]
[edit]Marine biology, flora and fauna
The sunderbans bordering the Bay of Bengal is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world.[9]
The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst coral reefs, estuaries, fish spawning and nursery areas, and mangroves. The Bay of Bengal is one of the World's 64 largest marine ecosystems.
Kerilia jerdonii is a sea snake of the Bay of Bengal. Glory of Bengal Cone (Conus bengalensis) is just one of the seashells which can be photographed along beaches of the Bay of Bengal.[10] An endangered species, the Olive Ridley sea turtle can survive because of the nesting grounds made available at the Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Gahirmatha Beach, Orissa, India. Marlin, barracuda, skipjack tuna, (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna, Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis) , and Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) are a few of the marine animals. Bay of Bengal Hogfish (Bodianus neilli) is a type of Wrass which live in turbid lagoon reefs or shallow coastal reefs. Schools of dolphins can be seen, whether they are the bottle nose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) or the spinner dolphin (stenella longirostris) . Tuna and dolphins are usually residing in the same waters. In shallower and warmer coastal waters the Irrawaddy Dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) can be found.[11][12]
The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve proides sanctuary to many animals some of which include the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) , giant Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) , and Malayan box turtle (Cuora amboinensis kamaroma) to name a few.
Another endangered species Royal Bengal Tiger is supported by Sundarbans a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the Ganges River Delta.[13][14]
[edit]Chemical oceanography
Coastal regions bordering the Bay of Bengal are rich in minerals. Sri Lanka, Serendib, or Ratna – Dweepa which means Gem Island. Amethyst, beryl, ruby, sapphire, topaz, and garnet are just some of the gems of Sri Lanka. Garnet and other precious gems are also found in abundance in the Indian states of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.[15]
[edit]Physical oceanography - Climate of the Bay of Bengal
From January to October, the current is northward flowing, and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the "East Indian Current." The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands first end of May, then the North Eastern Coast of India by end of June.
The remainder of the year, the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing, and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet. September and December see very active weather, season varsha (or monsoon), in the Bay of Bengal producing severe Cyclones which affect Eastern India. Several efforts have been initiated to cope with Storm surge.[16]
[edit]Tropical storms and cyclones
Aerial view of the devastation caused by Cyclone Nargis in Burma
A tropical storm with rotating winds blowing at speeds of 74 miles (119 kilometres) per hour are called cyclones when they originate over the Bay of Bengal; they are hurricanes in the Atlantic.[17] Between 100,000 and 500,000 residents of East Pakistan (Bangladesh) were killed because of the 1970 Bhola cyclone.
2008, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis
2007, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr
2006, Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala
2006, September Typhoon Xangsane
2004, November Typhoon Muifa
2002, May Tropical Cyclone 2B
1991, April Bangladesh cyclone
1989, November Typhoon Gay
1985, May Tropical Storm One (1B)
1982, April Cyclone One (1B)
1982, May Tropical Storm Two (2B)
1982, October Tropical Storm Three (3B)
1981, December Cyclone Three (3B)
1980, October Tropical Storm One (1B)
1980, December Unknown Storm Four (4B)
1980, December Tropical Storm Five (5B)
1971, Cyclone Orissa
1970, November Bhola cyclone
[edit]Historic sites
Kumari Kandam, an antediluvian civilization, (South India) is also held in myth to be under the Bay of Bengal. Fisherman claim their nets have snagged, and on dives to free them they find pagodas, doorways, and temples to reinforce their belief of this ancient time.[18]
The remains of Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lies under the Bay of Bengal. Spokespersons from Andhra University Centre for Marine Archaeology say the temple may be located opposite the Coastal Battery.[19]
Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram is the name for Mahabalipuram. Mahabalipuram's Shore Temple was constructed in the eighth century AD and myth has it that six other temples were also built here.
Another historic site which has been preserved is Vivekanandar Illam. It was constructed in 1842 by the Ice King Frederic Tudor to store and market ice year round. In 1897, Swami Vivekananda famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy.
Konark is the home of the Sun Temple or Black Pagoda. This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid 1200 AD and has been declared a World Heritage Site.
Ramanathaswami Temple located at Dhanushkodi, where the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean come together.[20]
[edit]Economy
Arugam Point at the Arugam Bay in Sri Lanka beach attracts thousands of tourists
One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies more commonly referred to as British East India Company. Gopalpur was one of their main trading centers. Other trading companies along the Bay of Bengal shorelines were English East India Company and French East India Company.[21]
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) supports free trade internationally around the Bay of Bengal between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a new venture proposed which would create a channel for a shipping route to link the Gulf of Mannar with the Bay of Bengal. This would connect India east to west without the necessity of going around Sri Lanka.
Thoni and catamaran fishing boats of fishing villages thrive along the Bay of Bengal shorelines. Fishermen can catch between 26-44 species of marine fish.[22] In one year, the average catch is 2 million tons of fish from the Bay of Bengal alone.[23]
[edit]Strategic importance
[edit]To Bangladesh
Being Bangladesh's only sea boundary, the Bay of Bengal has a significant role in the country. Bangladesh navy performs annual exercise in the bay [24] and exercise with international navy is also frequent. Bangladesh navy's last joint exercise with the US navy held on early 2009.[25]
[edit]To China
Rumor exists that China has a naval base in Myanmar's Coco island of Bay of Bengal. [26]
[edit]To India
The Bay of Bengal is strategically crucial for India because of the presence of outlying islands, namely Andaman islands and Nicobar islands and several major ports such as Kolkata, Chennai, Vizag, and Tuticorin along its coast with the Bay of Bengal. Much of the naval operations of the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War took place in the Bay of Bengal.[27]
The growing influence of China, due to support provided by Myanmar, has created geo-political implications for India.[28] India has held several major naval exercises with friendly countries, especially United States, to counter increasing Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean.[29][30] The largest ever wargame in Bay of Bengal, known as Malabar 2007, was held in 2007 and naval warships from India, US, Singapore, Japan and Australia took part in it. This exercise was widely viewed as "strategic encirclement of China".[29] India has forged naval cooperation agreements with Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia to increase its strategic reach in the region.[31] India also established Far Eastern Naval Command off Port Blair to increase surveillance in the adjoining Andaman Sea.[32]
The potential of natural gas exploitation also makes the Bay of Bengal important for India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.[31] Disputes over rights of some oil and gas blocks have caused brief diplomatic spats between India and Bangladesh.[33]
[edit]Environmental hazards
[edit]Pollution
The Asian brown cloud, a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from cooking fires, and industrial discharges.[34]
[edit]History
Ross Island, in the Andamans, was one of the main naval bases of British India during World War II
Due to continental drift, the India Plate split from Madagascar and collided with the Eurasian Plate resulting in the formation of the Himalayas and The Bay of Bengal.
Northern Circars occupied the western coast of the Bay of Bengal and is now considered to be India's Madras state. The Kakatiya dynasty reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. Kushanas about the middle of the 1st century AD invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal. Chola dynasty (9th century to 12th century) when ruled by Rajaraja Chola I occupied the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal circa AD 1014 Chandragupta Maurya extended the Maurya Dynasty across Northern India to the Bay of Bengal. Hajipur was a stronghold of Portuguese Pirates. In the 1500s the Portuguese built trading posts in the North of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong (Porto Grande) and Satgaon (Porto Pequeno).[35]
[edit]British penal colony
Cellular Jail or "Black Waters" built in 1896 on Ross Island, a part of the Andaman Island Chain. As early as 1858 this island was used as a British penal colony for political prisoners facing life imprisonment.
[edit]Marine archaeology
Maritime archaeology or marine archaeology is the study of material remains of ancient peoples. A specialized branch, Archaeology of shipwrecks studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships. Stone anchors, amphorae shards, elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth, ceramic pottery, a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive the test of time for archaeologists to study and place the salvaged findings into a time line of history. Coral reefs, tsuanamis, cyclones, mangrove swamps, battles and a criss cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with pirating have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal.[36]
[edit]Famous ships and shipwrecks
1778 to 1783 The Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal.
c1816 Mornington Ship burned in the Bay of Bengal[37]
1850 American clipper brig Eagle is supposed to have sunk in a Bay of Bengal[38]
American Baptist missionary Adoniram Judson, Jr. died April 12, 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal.
1855 The Bark "Incredible" struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal[39]
1865, a gale dismasted the Euterpe while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon.
1875 Veleda 76 m (250 ft) long and 15 m (50 ft) wide is a part of a current salvage operation.[40]
1942 Japanese cruiser Yura of the Second Expeditionary Fleet, Malay Force attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal.
1971 December 3 - It was claimed that Indian Navy destroyer INS Rajput sunk the Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Ghazi off of Vishakapatnam, in Bay Of Bengal List of naval battles.
Santragachhi
Santragachhi or Santragachi (Bengali: সাঁত্রাগাছি) is a neighbourhood of Howrah city in West Bengal, India. It has a railway station which is a railway junction on the South Eastern Railway. There is a large lake here named Santragachhi Jheel which attracts migratory birds such as Lesser Whistling Duck in the winter months.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Location
3 Transport
4 Santragachhi Jheel
5 Tibbati Baba Ashram
6 References
7 Citations
[edit]History
In the early twentieth century, Santragachhi was a large village, with a part within Howrah municipality.[1] According to a legend, the principal family there, the Chaudhuris, who were Barendra brahmins,[2] started staying here 300 years from now.[1] Inspired by them, other Barendra families moved to the place.[1] The railway station of Santragachhi was named after this place, though this place is closer to another railway station at Ramrajatala.[1] Ramrajatala area was considered a quarter of the area under this village.[1]
First vernacular school of the Howrah district was established in Santragachhi in 1857 with the help of a Government grant.[3] For Indian girls, the first girls' school of the Howrah district with Indian management was established in Santragachhi in 1863 with a small grant from the Government.[4]
Santragachhi produced good quality of arums (ol: Bengali: ওল).[5] There is a variety of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Elephant-foot yam of arum family) which is named Santragachhi after this place.[6][7]
[edit]Location
Santragachhi is located at 22.58017°N 88.26963°E.[8] Other neighbourhoods of Howrah that surround Santragachhi are Ramrajatala, Jagacha, Buxarah etc.
[edit]Transport
Bengal Nagpur Railway, which is now known as South Eastern Railway, was connected to Howrah station in 1900.[9] This time, the 3 mile long short branch from Santragachhi to Shalimar Station was also created for redirecting heavy traffic of export goods, for further carrying them to Kidderpore dock in Kolkata via large ferry steamers.[9] Santragachhi railway station is now a railway junction.
Santragachhi is also close to Kona Expressway, which connects to Kolkata via Vidyasagar Setu and towards rest of the NH 6 and to the NH 2.
[edit]Santragachhi Jheel
Santragachhi Jheel is a large lake,[10] located next to the Santragachhi railway station.[11] This lake attracts large number of migratory birds in the winter months, particularly in December and January. The number has increased in recent years, as migratory birds have started to avoid destinations like the lakes in Alipore Zoo, Kolkata.[12] Birds like Saras Crane from North America and Australia,[12] Gadwall, Northern Shoveler, Northern Pintail, Garganey from north of the Himalayas,[13] and many other local migratory birds such as Cotton Pygmy Goose, Comb Duck etc. are spotted here during this season.[13] However, Lesser Whistling Duck is the most dominant species visible here.[13]
The lake area is owned by South Eastern Railway, though the Forest Department of West Bengal also looks after the place.[11][13] Every year before the migratory birds are expected to arrive, the Forest department cleans Water hyacinth from the lake, though leaving some portion of it which adds up to an environment suitable for the birds.[13][14] Efforts are made by local residents, Forest Department and Railways to improve the environment for the birds.[13][14]
Forest Ministry of the State Government of West Bengal intends to convert the lake to a 'wildlife conservation centre'.[15]
[edit]Tibbati Baba Ashram
Dalal Pukur area of Santragachi is famous for Tibbati Baba (Tibbetibaba) Ashram. Tibbetibaba (Unknown – 20 November 1930) was famous Bengali philosopher saint of India.[16]
In the year 1929, on the month of November (2nd Agrahayana of Bengali calendar 1336), an ashram was established by Tibbetibaba on the earnest request of his devotees and disciples. This ashram was given the name of Tibbetibaba Vedanta Ashram by his devotees and disciples. Land for the ashram was bought by a man named ‘Bishnupada Chattopadhyaya ‘(later he came to be known as “Bhooan Swami’’).The first brick for the ashram was laid by Tibbetibaba himself. Later more land for the ashram was bought by a man from Entally area of Kolkata.[17][18]
At present this ashram is located at “76/3, Taantipara Lane, P.O. Santragachi, Howrah – 711 104, West Bengal, India.” It is commonly referred as ‘Tibbetibaba (Tibbati Baba) Ashram’ by the common people of Dalal Pukur area.[17][19]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Location
3 Transport
4 Santragachhi Jheel
5 Tibbati Baba Ashram
6 References
7 Citations
[edit]History
In the early twentieth century, Santragachhi was a large village, with a part within Howrah municipality.[1] According to a legend, the principal family there, the Chaudhuris, who were Barendra brahmins,[2] started staying here 300 years from now.[1] Inspired by them, other Barendra families moved to the place.[1] The railway station of Santragachhi was named after this place, though this place is closer to another railway station at Ramrajatala.[1] Ramrajatala area was considered a quarter of the area under this village.[1]
First vernacular school of the Howrah district was established in Santragachhi in 1857 with the help of a Government grant.[3] For Indian girls, the first girls' school of the Howrah district with Indian management was established in Santragachhi in 1863 with a small grant from the Government.[4]
Santragachhi produced good quality of arums (ol: Bengali: ওল).[5] There is a variety of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Elephant-foot yam of arum family) which is named Santragachhi after this place.[6][7]
[edit]Location
Santragachhi is located at 22.58017°N 88.26963°E.[8] Other neighbourhoods of Howrah that surround Santragachhi are Ramrajatala, Jagacha, Buxarah etc.
[edit]Transport
Bengal Nagpur Railway, which is now known as South Eastern Railway, was connected to Howrah station in 1900.[9] This time, the 3 mile long short branch from Santragachhi to Shalimar Station was also created for redirecting heavy traffic of export goods, for further carrying them to Kidderpore dock in Kolkata via large ferry steamers.[9] Santragachhi railway station is now a railway junction.
Santragachhi is also close to Kona Expressway, which connects to Kolkata via Vidyasagar Setu and towards rest of the NH 6 and to the NH 2.
[edit]Santragachhi Jheel
Santragachhi Jheel is a large lake,[10] located next to the Santragachhi railway station.[11] This lake attracts large number of migratory birds in the winter months, particularly in December and January. The number has increased in recent years, as migratory birds have started to avoid destinations like the lakes in Alipore Zoo, Kolkata.[12] Birds like Saras Crane from North America and Australia,[12] Gadwall, Northern Shoveler, Northern Pintail, Garganey from north of the Himalayas,[13] and many other local migratory birds such as Cotton Pygmy Goose, Comb Duck etc. are spotted here during this season.[13] However, Lesser Whistling Duck is the most dominant species visible here.[13]
The lake area is owned by South Eastern Railway, though the Forest Department of West Bengal also looks after the place.[11][13] Every year before the migratory birds are expected to arrive, the Forest department cleans Water hyacinth from the lake, though leaving some portion of it which adds up to an environment suitable for the birds.[13][14] Efforts are made by local residents, Forest Department and Railways to improve the environment for the birds.[13][14]
Forest Ministry of the State Government of West Bengal intends to convert the lake to a 'wildlife conservation centre'.[15]
[edit]Tibbati Baba Ashram
Dalal Pukur area of Santragachi is famous for Tibbati Baba (Tibbetibaba) Ashram. Tibbetibaba (Unknown – 20 November 1930) was famous Bengali philosopher saint of India.[16]
In the year 1929, on the month of November (2nd Agrahayana of Bengali calendar 1336), an ashram was established by Tibbetibaba on the earnest request of his devotees and disciples. This ashram was given the name of Tibbetibaba Vedanta Ashram by his devotees and disciples. Land for the ashram was bought by a man named ‘Bishnupada Chattopadhyaya ‘(later he came to be known as “Bhooan Swami’’).The first brick for the ashram was laid by Tibbetibaba himself. Later more land for the ashram was bought by a man from Entally area of Kolkata.[17][18]
At present this ashram is located at “76/3, Taantipara Lane, P.O. Santragachi, Howrah – 711 104, West Bengal, India.” It is commonly referred as ‘Tibbetibaba (Tibbati Baba) Ashram’ by the common people of Dalal Pukur area.[17][19]
The Sabar People
The Sabar people (also Shabar and Saora) are one of the scheduled tribes in India who live mainly in Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal. During the British Raj they were classed as one of the 'criminal tribe' under Criminal Tribes Act 1871, and still suffer from social stigma and ostracization in modern times. [1][2].
Also known as Saora, the Sabar tribe, finds mention in the Hindu epic Mahabharata [3], while in some parts of East Singhbhum district mainly in Musabani, they are known as in Kariya [4]. Noted writer and activist Mahasweta Devi is known for working with these forest tribals [5].
This reclusive tribe, is are found primarily in East Singhbhum district in Jharkhand [6] and in Midnapore District of West Bengal.
In June 2008 the Sabar suffered severe flooding in many of their West Bengal villages, and then received large amounts of aid from Catholic missionaries.
[edit]Further reading
The Book of the Hunter, by Mahasweta Devi, translated by Sagaree and Mandira Sengupta, Seagull, 2002. ISBN 81-7046-204-5.
Hated, Humiliated, Butchered by Mahasweta Devi, Tehelka, October 12, 2007
Also known as Saora, the Sabar tribe, finds mention in the Hindu epic Mahabharata [3], while in some parts of East Singhbhum district mainly in Musabani, they are known as in Kariya [4]. Noted writer and activist Mahasweta Devi is known for working with these forest tribals [5].
This reclusive tribe, is are found primarily in East Singhbhum district in Jharkhand [6] and in Midnapore District of West Bengal.
In June 2008 the Sabar suffered severe flooding in many of their West Bengal villages, and then received large amounts of aid from Catholic missionaries.
[edit]Further reading
The Book of the Hunter, by Mahasweta Devi, translated by Sagaree and Mandira Sengupta, Seagull, 2002. ISBN 81-7046-204-5.
Hated, Humiliated, Butchered by Mahasweta Devi, Tehelka, October 12, 2007
Ranibandh
Ranibandh (also spelt Ranibundh) (Bengali: রাণীবাঁধ) is a town, community development bloc and assembly constituency in Bankura district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Poor agricultural conditions resulting in severe poverty, force Santal villagers to migrate to other districts for work during the harvesting season. The dense forests in the area have become centres of violent political activity.
Contents [hide]
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Administration
4 Politics
5 Economy
5.1 Forest
6 References
[edit]Geography
Ranibandh is located at 22.8667°N 86.7833°E. It has an average elevation of 162 m (531 ft).[1]
With single crops in a semi-arid region, even the cattle do not find much green to graze upon. Younger people migrate out of the drought prone zone, leaving the old to guard their hearths and homes. The Santal villages take on a deserted look as the people move on to find work as migrant workers in the neighbouring districts during the harvesting season. The migration continues even after the commencement of the much hyped National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and other welfare measures, which provide some guaranteed work for rural people for around 100 days in a year.[2][3]
[edit]Demographics
In the 2001 census, Ranibandh community development bloc had a total population of 104,317 of which 53,119 were males and 51,198 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 11.27% for Ranibandh, against 13.79% in Bankura district. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84%.[4]
Ranibandh Bloc had a total scheduled caste population of 12,037 and a scheduled tribe population of 50,129.[5]
[edit]Administration
Ranibandh is an intermediate panchayat in Bankura district, with Ambikanagar, Barikul, Haludkanali, Puddi, Rajakata, Ranibandh, Routora and Rudra village panchayats under it.[6][7]
[edit]Politics
In the 2006, state assembly elections, Deblina Hembram of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) won the Ranibandh seat, reserved for scheduled tribes defeating her nearest rival Aditya Kisku of Jharkhand Party (N). In 2001, Makar Tudu of CPI(M) defeated Gopinath Saren of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. In 1996, Deblina Hembram of CPI(M) defeated Anil Hansda of [[Indian National Congress] (INC). In 1991, Arati Hembram of CPI(M) defeated Sudarsan Baskey of INC. In 1987 and 1982, Rampada Mandi of CPI(M) defeated Chandra Mohan Murmu of INC and Jaleswar Murmu, Independent, respectively. In 1977, Suchand Soren of CPI(M) defeated Jadunath Murmu of Janata Party.[8]
Ranibandh is part of Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency).[9]
Ranibandh assembly constituency no. 249, reserved for scheduled tribes, is composed of Ranibandh, Hirbandh and Khatra community development blocks.[9]
Ranibandh has been centre of Maoist activity. In 2002, Ramapada Majhi, a senior leader was killed. In 2005, Raghunath Murmu, Ranibandh Zonal member of CPI(M) was gunned down along with another party member, Badal Mudi at Majhgeria in Barikul.[10] The officer in charge of Barikul police station was killed in a blast the same year.[11] Deblina Hembram, the MLA of Ranibandh, is on the hit list of the Maoists.[12]
Large segments in Bankura have tertiary links through the Kundalpahari jungle passage used by Maoist ultras for the last few years. The police say that NGOs have not dared to venture there. Dense forests dissuade even villagers from using the passage. According to police, ultras have taken advantage of the fact. The jungle under Belpahari range of Paschim Medinipur is believed to be the epicentre of Maoist invasion during squad movements.[13]
[edit]Economy
[edit]Forest
The forest in the Ranibandh region is spread over a dozen hills, as the Kangsabati River meanders through the hills and forests. Sal, mahua, shishu, kendu, palash and arjun trees are found in abundance. Lodging facilities are available at the Ranibandh Forest Rest House and the Zilla Parishad Bungalow.[14]
Wood is used as fuel by around 60% of the people in the district. Lac and tassar host tree plantation in forest areas. About 200 tonnes of lac is produced in the district, employing some 17,000 people, mostly Adivasis.[15]
Contents [hide]
1 Geography
2 Demographics
3 Administration
4 Politics
5 Economy
5.1 Forest
6 References
[edit]Geography
Ranibandh is located at 22.8667°N 86.7833°E. It has an average elevation of 162 m (531 ft).[1]
With single crops in a semi-arid region, even the cattle do not find much green to graze upon. Younger people migrate out of the drought prone zone, leaving the old to guard their hearths and homes. The Santal villages take on a deserted look as the people move on to find work as migrant workers in the neighbouring districts during the harvesting season. The migration continues even after the commencement of the much hyped National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme and other welfare measures, which provide some guaranteed work for rural people for around 100 days in a year.[2][3]
[edit]Demographics
In the 2001 census, Ranibandh community development bloc had a total population of 104,317 of which 53,119 were males and 51,198 were females. Decadal growth for the period 1991-2001 was 11.27% for Ranibandh, against 13.79% in Bankura district. Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84%.[4]
Ranibandh Bloc had a total scheduled caste population of 12,037 and a scheduled tribe population of 50,129.[5]
[edit]Administration
Ranibandh is an intermediate panchayat in Bankura district, with Ambikanagar, Barikul, Haludkanali, Puddi, Rajakata, Ranibandh, Routora and Rudra village panchayats under it.[6][7]
[edit]Politics
In the 2006, state assembly elections, Deblina Hembram of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) won the Ranibandh seat, reserved for scheduled tribes defeating her nearest rival Aditya Kisku of Jharkhand Party (N). In 2001, Makar Tudu of CPI(M) defeated Gopinath Saren of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. In 1996, Deblina Hembram of CPI(M) defeated Anil Hansda of [[Indian National Congress] (INC). In 1991, Arati Hembram of CPI(M) defeated Sudarsan Baskey of INC. In 1987 and 1982, Rampada Mandi of CPI(M) defeated Chandra Mohan Murmu of INC and Jaleswar Murmu, Independent, respectively. In 1977, Suchand Soren of CPI(M) defeated Jadunath Murmu of Janata Party.[8]
Ranibandh is part of Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency).[9]
Ranibandh assembly constituency no. 249, reserved for scheduled tribes, is composed of Ranibandh, Hirbandh and Khatra community development blocks.[9]
Ranibandh has been centre of Maoist activity. In 2002, Ramapada Majhi, a senior leader was killed. In 2005, Raghunath Murmu, Ranibandh Zonal member of CPI(M) was gunned down along with another party member, Badal Mudi at Majhgeria in Barikul.[10] The officer in charge of Barikul police station was killed in a blast the same year.[11] Deblina Hembram, the MLA of Ranibandh, is on the hit list of the Maoists.[12]
Large segments in Bankura have tertiary links through the Kundalpahari jungle passage used by Maoist ultras for the last few years. The police say that NGOs have not dared to venture there. Dense forests dissuade even villagers from using the passage. According to police, ultras have taken advantage of the fact. The jungle under Belpahari range of Paschim Medinipur is believed to be the epicentre of Maoist invasion during squad movements.[13]
[edit]Economy
[edit]Forest
The forest in the Ranibandh region is spread over a dozen hills, as the Kangsabati River meanders through the hills and forests. Sal, mahua, shishu, kendu, palash and arjun trees are found in abundance. Lodging facilities are available at the Ranibandh Forest Rest House and the Zilla Parishad Bungalow.[14]
Wood is used as fuel by around 60% of the people in the district. Lac and tassar host tree plantation in forest areas. About 200 tonnes of lac is produced in the district, employing some 17,000 people, mostly Adivasis.[15]
Madhu Tea Estate
Madhu Tea Estate a picturesque tea garden, at the edge of Madhu Forest in Kalchini block of Dooars Jalpaiguri district in West Bengal.
[edit]History
The estate was planted by Roy family of Jalpaiguri, who had more than twelve tea estate in Dooars and Darjeeling district.Madhu Tea Estate was named after MadhuChandra Roy. Before that the place was known as Patabari. It is 17 km away from Phuntsholing, the border town of Bhutan and hardly 1.5 km from Air Force Station Hasimara. A broadguage rail line and pucca road crossed along the side of Madhu Tea Estate. The nearest railway station Hasimara is 3 km. There is a medium size tea factory, a Dak bungalow, a small hospital, a post office at Madhu tea Estate. The name 'Madhu' is given by the Madhuchandra Roy, who once owned the tea garden.
Earlier, this place was known as Patabari. There is a small stream between Madhu Forest and Madhu Tea Estate called Madhu River. Though it is small it has flooded many times the entire area. The population of Madhu tea Estate is about ten thousand.
[edit]Overview
The majority of population are Jharkhandi (Oraon, Munda, Kharia, Lohara, Chik Baraik), Bengali and Nepali. The chief lingua franca is Sadri language. General public also speaks Bengali and Nepali. However, Oraon speak Kurukh, Munda speak Mundari and Kharia speak Kharia language. The literacy percentage is only 10 percent. There is a big football playground. There is a Bengali medium secondary high school. Buses and taxis are available at Madhu Choupathi.
[edit]History
The estate was planted by Roy family of Jalpaiguri, who had more than twelve tea estate in Dooars and Darjeeling district.Madhu Tea Estate was named after MadhuChandra Roy. Before that the place was known as Patabari. It is 17 km away from Phuntsholing, the border town of Bhutan and hardly 1.5 km from Air Force Station Hasimara. A broadguage rail line and pucca road crossed along the side of Madhu Tea Estate. The nearest railway station Hasimara is 3 km. There is a medium size tea factory, a Dak bungalow, a small hospital, a post office at Madhu tea Estate. The name 'Madhu' is given by the Madhuchandra Roy, who once owned the tea garden.
Earlier, this place was known as Patabari. There is a small stream between Madhu Forest and Madhu Tea Estate called Madhu River. Though it is small it has flooded many times the entire area. The population of Madhu tea Estate is about ten thousand.
[edit]Overview
The majority of population are Jharkhandi (Oraon, Munda, Kharia, Lohara, Chik Baraik), Bengali and Nepali. The chief lingua franca is Sadri language. General public also speaks Bengali and Nepali. However, Oraon speak Kurukh, Munda speak Mundari and Kharia speak Kharia language. The literacy percentage is only 10 percent. There is a big football playground. There is a Bengali medium secondary high school. Buses and taxis are available at Madhu Choupathi.
Kalimpong
Kalimpong (Nepali: कालिम्पोङ) is a hill station in the Mahabharat Range (or Lesser Himalaya) in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located at an average elevation of 1,250 metres (4,101 ft).[2] The town is the headquarters of the Kalimpong subdivision, a part of the district of Darjeeling. The Indian Army's 27 Mountain Division is located on the outskirts of the town.[3]
Kalimpong is known for its educational institutions many of which were established during the British colonial period.[4] It used to be a gateway in the trade between Tibet and India prior to China's annexation of Tibet and the Sino-Indian War. Kalimpong and neighbouring Darjeeling were major centres calling for a separate Gorkhaland state in the 1980s.There is a Rotary club in Kalimpong since 1993.([1])
Kalimpong, located on a ridge overlooking River Teesta, is a tourist destination owing to its temperate climate and proximity to popular tourist locations in the region. Horticulture is also important to Kalimpong: it has a flower market notable for its wide array of orchids; nurseries, which export Himalayan grown flower bulbs, tubers and rhizomes, contribute to the economy of Kalimpong.[2] Home to ethnic Nepalis, indigenous ethnic groups and non-native migrants from other parts of India, the town also is a religious centre of Buddhism. The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Name origin
2 History
3 Geography
4 Economy
5 Transport
6 Demographics
7 Civic administration
8 People and culture
9 Media and education
10 Flora and fauna
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
[edit]Name origin
The precise etymology of the name Kalimpong remains unclear. The most widely accepted origin of the name Kalimpong is "Assembly (or Stockade) of the King's Ministers" in Tibetan, derived from kalon ("King's ministers") and pong ("stockade"). It may also be derived from the translation "ridges where we play" from Lepcha, as it was known to be the region's traditional tribal gathering for summer sporting events. People from the hills also call the area Kalibong ("the black spurs").[6]
According to K.P. Tamsang, author of The Untold and Unknown Reality about the Lepchas, the term Kalimpong is deduced from the name Kalenpung, which in Lepcha means "Hillock of Assemblage";[7] in time, the name was distorted to Kaleebung and later corrupted to Kalimpong. Another possible derivation points to Kaulim, a fibrous plant found in profusion in the region.[8]
[edit]History
Morgan House is a classic example of colonial architecture in Kalimpong.
Until the mid-19th century, the area around Kalimpong was ruled in succession by the Sikkimese and Bhutanese kingdoms.[7][9] Under Sikkimese rule, the area was known as Dalingkot.[10] In 1706, the king of Bhutan won this territory from the Sikkimese monarch and renamed it Kalimpong.[10] Overlooking the Teesta Valley, Kalimpong is believed to have once been the forward position of the Bhutanese in the 18th century. The area was sparsely populated by the indigenous Lepcha community and migrant Bhutia and Limbu tribes. Later in 1780, the Gorkhas invaded and conquered Kalimpong.[10] After the Anglo-Bhutan War in 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula (1865) was signed, in which Bhutanese held territory east of the Teesta River was ceded to the British East India Company.[7] At that time, Kalimpong was a hamlet, with only two or three families known to reside there.[11] The first recorded mention of the town was a fleeting reference made that year by Ashley Eden, a government official with the Bengal Civil Service. Kalimpong was added to district of Darjeeling in 1866. In 1866–1867 an Anglo-Bhutanese commission demarcated the common boundaries between the two, thereby giving shape to the Kalimpong subdivision and the Darjeeling district.[12]
After the war, the region became a subdivision of the Western Duars district, and the following year it was merged with the district of Darjeeling.[7] The temperate climate prompted the British to develop the town as an alternative hill station to Darjeeling, to escape the scorching summer heat in the plains. Kalimpong's proximity to the Nathula and Jelepla passes, offshoots of the ancient Silk Road, was an added advantage and it soon became an important trading outpost in the trade of furs, wools and food grains between India and Tibet.[13] The increase in commerce attracted large numbers of migrants from Nepal, leading to an increase in population and economic prosperity.
The arrival of Scottish missionaries saw the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British.[11] Rev. W. Macfarlane in the early 1870s established the first schools in the area.[11] The Scottish University Mission Institution was opened in 1886, followed by the Kalimpong Girls High School. In 1900, Reverend J.A. Graham founded the Dr. Graham's Homes for destitute Anglo-Indian students.[11] By 1907, most schools in Kalimpong also started offering education to Indian students. By 1911, the population had swelled to 7,880.[11]
Following Indian independence in 1947, Kalimpong became part of the state of West Bengal, after Bengal was partitioned between India and Pakistan. With China's annexation of Tibet in 1959, many Buddhist monks fled Tibet and established monasteries in Kalimpong. These monks also brought many rare Buddhist scriptures with them. In 1962, the permanent closure of the Jelepla Pass after the Sino-Indian War disrupted trade between Tibet and India, and led to a slowdown in Kalimpong's economy. In 1976, the visiting Dalai Lama consecrated the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery, which houses many of the scriptures.[11]
Most large houses in Kalimpong were built during the British era. In the background is Mount Kanchenjunga.
Between 1986 and 1988, the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland and Kamtapur based on ethnic lines grew strong. Riots between the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) and the West Bengal government reached a stand-off after a forty-day strike. The town was virtually under siege, and the state government called in the Indian army to maintain law and order. This led to the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, a body that was given semi-autonomous powers to govern the Darjeeling district, except the area under the Siliguri subdivision. Since 2007, the demand for a separate Gorkhaland state has been revived by the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha and its supporters in the Darjeeling hills.[14] The Kamtapur People's Party and its supporters' movement for a separate Kamtapur state covering North Bengal have also gained momentum.[15]
[edit]Geography
A view from the Deolo Resort, atop Deolo Hill, Kalimpong's highest point
The town centre is located on a ridge connecting two hills, Deolo Hill and Durpin Hill,[11] at an elevation of 1,247 m (4,091 ft). Deolo, the highest point in Kalimpong, has an altitude of 1,704 m (5,591 ft) and Durpin Hill is at an elevation of 1,372 m (4,501 ft). The River Teesta flows in the valley below and separates Kalimpong from the state of Sikkim. The soil in the Kalimpong area is typically reddish in color. Occasional dark soils are found due to extensive existence of phyllite and schists.[16] The Shiwalik Hills, like most of the Himalayan foothills, have steep slopes and soft, loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides in the monsoon season.[16] The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Mount Kanchenjunga at 8,598 m (28,209 ft) the world's third tallest peak,[17] is clearly visible from Kalimpong.[2]
View of the Himalaya range
Kalimpong has five distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter and the monsoons. The annual temperature ranges from a high of 30 °C (86 °F) to a low of 9 °C (48 °F). Summers are mild, with the an average maximum temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) in August.[18] Summers are followed by the monsoon rains which lash the town between June and September. The monsoons are severe, often causing landslides which sequester the town from the rest of India. Winter lasts from December to February, with the maximum temperature being around 15 °C (59 °F). During the monsoon and winter seasons, Kalimpong is often enveloped by fog.[19]
[edit]Economy
Oranges grown in the hillsides are exported to many parts of India.
Tourism is the most significant contributor to Kalimpong's economy.[20] The summer and spring seasons are the most popular with tourists, keeping many of town's residents employed directly and indirectly. The town—earlier an important trade post between India and Tibet—hopes to boost its economy after the reopening of the Nathu La pass in April 2006.[21] Though this has resumed Indo–China border trades,[22] it is expected that Kalimpong will have a better chance of revival as a hub for Indo–China trades if the demand of local leaders for reopening of Jelep La pass also is met.[22]
Kalimpong is a major ginger growing area of India. Kalimpong and the state of Sikkim together contribute 15 percent of ginger produced in India.[23] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region is internationally famous for its tea industry.[24] However, most of the tea gardens are on the western side of Teesta river (towards the town of Darjeeling) and so tea gardens near Kalimpong contribute only 4 percent of total tea production of the region. In Kalimpong division, 90 percent of land is cultivable but only 10 percent is used for tea production.[25] Kalimpong is well known for its flower export industry—especially for its wide array of indigenous orchids and gladioli.[26]
A significant contributor to the town's economy is education sector.[20] The schools of Kalimpong, besides imparting education to the locals, also attract a significant number of students from the plains, the neighbouring state of Sikkim and also foreign countries such as Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Thailand.[20]
Many establishments cater to the Indian army bases near the town, providing it with essential supplies. Small contributions to the economy come by the way of the sale of traditional arts and crafts of Sikkim and Tibet. Government efforts related to sericulture, seismology, and fisheries provide a steady source of employment to many of its residents.
Kalimpong is well renowned for its cheese, noodles and lollipops. Kalimpong also exports a wide range of traditional handicrafts, wood-carvings, embroidered items, bags and purses with tapestry work, copper ware, scrolls, Tibetan jewellery and artifacts.[27][28]
[edit]Transport
NH31A winds along the banks of the river Teesta near Kalimpong.
Kalimpong is located off the National Highway 31A (NH31A), which links Sevok to Gangtok. The NH31A is an offshoot of the NH 31, which connects Sevok to Siliguri.[29] These two National Highways together, via Sevok, links Kalimpong to the plains.[30] Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Kalimpong with Siliguri and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong, Darjeeling and Gangtok. Four wheel drives are popular means of transport, as they can easily navigate the steep slopes in the region. However, road communication often get disrupted in the monsoons due to landslides. Within the town, people usually traverse by walking. Residents also use bicycle, two-wheelers and hired taxis for travelling short distances.
The nearest airport is in Bagdogra near Siliguri, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Kalimpong. Indian Airlines, Jet Airways, Air Deccan and Druk Air (Bhutan) are the three major carriers that connect the airport to Delhi, Calcutta , Paro (Bhutan) , Guwahati and Bangkok (Thailand). The closest major railway station is New Jalpaiguri, located on the outskirts of Siliguri,[2] which is connected with almost all major cities of the country.
[edit]Demographics
[show]Population growth
As of the 2001 India census,[32] Kalimpong had a population of 42,980. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kalimpong has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 73%. In Kalimpong, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.[32] The Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population for Kalimpong is 5,100 and 5,121 respectively.[33]
[edit]Civic administration
Kalimpong is the headquarters of the Kalimpong subdivision of the Darjeeling district. The semi-autonomous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC), set up by the West Bengal government in 1988, administers this subdivision as well as the Darjeeling Sadar and Kurseong subdivisions.[34] Kalimpong elects eight councillors to the DGHC, who manages the departments of Public Health, Education, Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Market, Small scale industries, Agriculture, Agricultural waterways, Forest (except reserved forests), Water, Livestock, Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services.[35] The district administration of Darjeeling, which is the authoritative body for the departments of election, panchayat, law and order, revenue etc., also acts as an interface of communication between the Council and the State Government.[35] The rural area in the subdivision covers three community development blocks Kalimpong I , Kalimpong II and Gorubathan consisting of forty-two gram panchayats.[36] A Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) presides over the Kalimpong subdivision. Kalimpong has a small police department with a lock-up.[37][38]
The Kalimpong municipality, which was established in 1945,[39] is in charge of the infrastructure of the town such as potable water and roads. The municipal area is divided into twenty-three wards.[40] Kalimpong municipality is constructing additional water storage tanks to meet the requirement of potable water, but it also needs an increase of water supply from the 'Neora Khola Water Supply Scheme' for this purpose.[1] Often, landslides occurring in monsoon season cause havoc to the roads in and around Kalimpong.[41] The West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited (WBSEDCL) that provides electricity here, needs to resolve issues like voltage fluctuations, unstable electrical supply and faulty electrical meters etc. faced by people of Kalimpong.[42] Renewable Energy Development Agency of the state has plans to promote usage of solar street lights in Kalimpong and also proposed an energy park here to sell renewable energy gadgets.[43] The Public Works Department is responsible for the road connecting the town to the National Highway–NH-31A.[44] The Kalimpong municipality has a total of 10 health care units, with a total of 433 bed capacity.[45]
The Kalimpong assembly constituency, which is an assembly segment of the Darjeeling parliamentary constituency, elects one member of the Vidhan Sabha of West Bengal.[46]
[edit]People and culture
The Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery atop Durpin Hill
The majority of the populace are ethnic Nepali, having migrated to Kalimpong in search of jobs while it was under British rule.[47] Indigenous ethnic groups include the Newars, Lepchas, Bhutia, Sherpas, Limbus, Rais, Magars,[48] Gurungs, Tamangs, Yolmos, Bhujels, Sunuwars, Sarkis, Damais and the Kamis.[49] The other non-native communities are the Bengalis, Marwaris, Anglo-Indian, Chinese, Biharis and Tibetans who escaped to Kalimpong after fleeing the Communist Chinese invasion of Tibet. Kalimpong is home to Trinley Thaye Dorje—one of the 17th Karmapa incarnations.[50] Kalimpong is the closest Indian town to Bhutan's western border, and has a small number of Bhutanese nationals residing here. Hinduism is the largest religion followed by Buddhism and Christianity.[48] Islam has a minuscule presence in this region, mostly Tibetan Muslims who fled in 1959 after Chinese invasion of Tibet.[51] The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.[5] There is a mosque in the bazaar area of Kalimpong.[52]
Popular festivals include Diwali, Christmas, Dussera or dasain in the local nepali dialect and the Buddhist festival of Losar. Languages spoken in Kalimpong include Nepali, which is the predominant language; Lepcha, Limbu, Tamang, Kirat, Hindi, English and Bengali.[2] Though there is a growing interest in cricket as a winter sport in Darjeeling Hills, football still remains the most popular sport in Kalimpong.[53] Every year since 1947, the Independence Shield Football Tournament is organized here as part of the two-day long Independence Day celebrations.[54] Former captain of India national football team, Pem Dorjee hails from Kalimpong.[55] A popular snack in Kalimpong is the momo, steamed dumplings made up of pork, beef or vegetable cooked in a wrapping of flour and served with watery soup. Wai-Wai is a packaged snack comprising of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form. Churpee, a kind of hard cheese made from yak's or chauri's (a hybrid of yak and cattle) milk, is sometimes chewed.[56] A form of noodle called Thukpa, served in soup form is also popular in Kalimpong.[57] There are a large number of restaurants which offer a wide variety of cuisines, ranging from Indian to continental, to cater to the tourists. Tea is the most popular beverage in Kalimpong, procured from the famed Darjeeling tea gardens. Kalimpong also has a golf course besides Kalimpong Circuit House.[2][58]
The cultural centres in Kalimpong include, the Lepcha Museum and the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery. The Lepcha Museum, situated a kilometre away from the town centre showcases the culture of the Lepcha community, the indigenous peoples of Sikkim. The Zang Dhok Palri Phodong monastery has 108 volumes of the Kangyur, and belongs to the Gelug of Buddhism.
Kiran Desai's 2006 Booker Prize-winning novel, The Inheritance of Loss, set in Kalimpong the 1980s, tells the story of a retired judge's family and their neighbours, with the Nepalalese insurgent movement led by the GNLF. It was reported that some Nepalese, led by author D B Gurung, were angered by what were allegedly negative stereotypes of Indian Nepalese people in the novel.[59]
[edit]Media and education
Kalimpong receives almost all the television channels that are received in the rest of India. Cable Television serves most of the homes in the city, while satellite television is more common in the outlying areas. Besides mainstream Indian channels, Kalimpong also receives locally produced Nepali language channels like Hill Channel, Kalimpong Television KTv, Dainandini, Haal Khabar etc. through the local cable network. Newspapers in Kalimpong include English language dailies, The Statesman and The Telegraph, which are printed in Siliguri,[60][61] and The Economic Times and the Hindustan Times which are printed in Kolkata (Calcutta).Besides these outstation publications, Kalimpong has its own magazine named Himalayan Times in English which is known for its bold and outspoken articles.[62] Among other languages, Nepali, Hindi and Bengali are prominent vernacular languages used in this region.[19] Newspapers in all these four languages are available in the Darjeeling Hills region. Of the largely circulated Nepali newspapers Himalay Darpan, Sunakhari Samachar are read most.[62] The Tibet Mirror was the first Tibetan language newspaper published in Kalimpong in 1925.[63]
Internet service and Internet cafés are well established; these are mostly served through broadband, data card of different mobile services, WLL, dialup lines ,[64][65] The public radio station, All India Radio along with other National and Private Channels including FM Radio are received in Kalimpong. The area is well serviced by major telecommunication companies of India with all types of cellular services in almost all the areas.[66]
There are fifteen major schools in Kalimpong, the most notable among them being St Joseph's Convent, Dr. Graham's Homes and St. Augustine's School. The Scottish Universities Mission Institution was the first school that was opened in 1886. Schools offer education up to class 10, following which students may choose to join a Junior College or carry on with an additional two years of schooling. The Kalimpong College and the Cluny Women's College are the main colleges in the town. Both of them are affiliated to the North Bengal University. Most students however, choose to further their studies in Siliguri and Calcutta. The Tharpa Choling Monastery, located at Tirpai Hill near Kalimpong, is managed by Yellow Hat sect and has a library of Tibetan manuscripts and thankas.[67]
[edit]Flora and fauna
Heliconia
The area around Kalimpong lies in the Eastern Himalayas, which is classified as an ecological hotspot, one of only three among the ecoregions of India. Neora Valley National Park that lies within the Kalimpong subdivision and is home to tigers.[68] Acacia is the most commonly found species at lower altitudes, while cinnamon, ficus, bamboo, cacti and cardamom, are found in the hillsides around Kalimpong. The forests found at higher altitudes are made up of pine trees and other evergreen alpine vegetation. Seven species of rhododendrons are found in the region east of Kalimpong. The temperate deciduous forests include oak, birch, maple and alder.[69] Three hundred species of orchid are found around Kalimpong, and Poinsettia and sunflower are some of the wild species that line the roads of Kalimpong.[70]
The Red Panda, Clouded Leopard[71], Siberian Weasel, Asiatic black bear[72], barking deer[73], Himalayan Tahr, goral, gaur[73] and pangolin are some of the fauna found near Kalimpong. Avifauna of the region include the pheasanta, cuckoos, minivets, flycatchers, maynas, orioles, owls, parakeets, partridges, sunbirds, swallows, swifts and woodpeckers.[71]
Kalimpong also has over forty-six nurseries which mainly cultivate gladioli which account for 80%[8] of India's production and orchids, which are exported to many parts of the world. The Rishi Bankim Chandra Park is an ecological museums within Kalimpong.[74] Citrus Dieback Research Station at Kalimpong works towards control of diseases, plant protection and production of disease free orange seedlings.[75]
Kalimpong is known for its educational institutions many of which were established during the British colonial period.[4] It used to be a gateway in the trade between Tibet and India prior to China's annexation of Tibet and the Sino-Indian War. Kalimpong and neighbouring Darjeeling were major centres calling for a separate Gorkhaland state in the 1980s.There is a Rotary club in Kalimpong since 1993.([1])
Kalimpong, located on a ridge overlooking River Teesta, is a tourist destination owing to its temperate climate and proximity to popular tourist locations in the region. Horticulture is also important to Kalimpong: it has a flower market notable for its wide array of orchids; nurseries, which export Himalayan grown flower bulbs, tubers and rhizomes, contribute to the economy of Kalimpong.[2] Home to ethnic Nepalis, indigenous ethnic groups and non-native migrants from other parts of India, the town also is a religious centre of Buddhism. The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.[5]
Contents [hide]
1 Name origin
2 History
3 Geography
4 Economy
5 Transport
6 Demographics
7 Civic administration
8 People and culture
9 Media and education
10 Flora and fauna
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
[edit]Name origin
The precise etymology of the name Kalimpong remains unclear. The most widely accepted origin of the name Kalimpong is "Assembly (or Stockade) of the King's Ministers" in Tibetan, derived from kalon ("King's ministers") and pong ("stockade"). It may also be derived from the translation "ridges where we play" from Lepcha, as it was known to be the region's traditional tribal gathering for summer sporting events. People from the hills also call the area Kalibong ("the black spurs").[6]
According to K.P. Tamsang, author of The Untold and Unknown Reality about the Lepchas, the term Kalimpong is deduced from the name Kalenpung, which in Lepcha means "Hillock of Assemblage";[7] in time, the name was distorted to Kaleebung and later corrupted to Kalimpong. Another possible derivation points to Kaulim, a fibrous plant found in profusion in the region.[8]
[edit]History
Morgan House is a classic example of colonial architecture in Kalimpong.
Until the mid-19th century, the area around Kalimpong was ruled in succession by the Sikkimese and Bhutanese kingdoms.[7][9] Under Sikkimese rule, the area was known as Dalingkot.[10] In 1706, the king of Bhutan won this territory from the Sikkimese monarch and renamed it Kalimpong.[10] Overlooking the Teesta Valley, Kalimpong is believed to have once been the forward position of the Bhutanese in the 18th century. The area was sparsely populated by the indigenous Lepcha community and migrant Bhutia and Limbu tribes. Later in 1780, the Gorkhas invaded and conquered Kalimpong.[10] After the Anglo-Bhutan War in 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula (1865) was signed, in which Bhutanese held territory east of the Teesta River was ceded to the British East India Company.[7] At that time, Kalimpong was a hamlet, with only two or three families known to reside there.[11] The first recorded mention of the town was a fleeting reference made that year by Ashley Eden, a government official with the Bengal Civil Service. Kalimpong was added to district of Darjeeling in 1866. In 1866–1867 an Anglo-Bhutanese commission demarcated the common boundaries between the two, thereby giving shape to the Kalimpong subdivision and the Darjeeling district.[12]
After the war, the region became a subdivision of the Western Duars district, and the following year it was merged with the district of Darjeeling.[7] The temperate climate prompted the British to develop the town as an alternative hill station to Darjeeling, to escape the scorching summer heat in the plains. Kalimpong's proximity to the Nathula and Jelepla passes, offshoots of the ancient Silk Road, was an added advantage and it soon became an important trading outpost in the trade of furs, wools and food grains between India and Tibet.[13] The increase in commerce attracted large numbers of migrants from Nepal, leading to an increase in population and economic prosperity.
The arrival of Scottish missionaries saw the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British.[11] Rev. W. Macfarlane in the early 1870s established the first schools in the area.[11] The Scottish University Mission Institution was opened in 1886, followed by the Kalimpong Girls High School. In 1900, Reverend J.A. Graham founded the Dr. Graham's Homes for destitute Anglo-Indian students.[11] By 1907, most schools in Kalimpong also started offering education to Indian students. By 1911, the population had swelled to 7,880.[11]
Following Indian independence in 1947, Kalimpong became part of the state of West Bengal, after Bengal was partitioned between India and Pakistan. With China's annexation of Tibet in 1959, many Buddhist monks fled Tibet and established monasteries in Kalimpong. These monks also brought many rare Buddhist scriptures with them. In 1962, the permanent closure of the Jelepla Pass after the Sino-Indian War disrupted trade between Tibet and India, and led to a slowdown in Kalimpong's economy. In 1976, the visiting Dalai Lama consecrated the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery, which houses many of the scriptures.[11]
Most large houses in Kalimpong were built during the British era. In the background is Mount Kanchenjunga.
Between 1986 and 1988, the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland and Kamtapur based on ethnic lines grew strong. Riots between the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) and the West Bengal government reached a stand-off after a forty-day strike. The town was virtually under siege, and the state government called in the Indian army to maintain law and order. This led to the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, a body that was given semi-autonomous powers to govern the Darjeeling district, except the area under the Siliguri subdivision. Since 2007, the demand for a separate Gorkhaland state has been revived by the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha and its supporters in the Darjeeling hills.[14] The Kamtapur People's Party and its supporters' movement for a separate Kamtapur state covering North Bengal have also gained momentum.[15]
[edit]Geography
A view from the Deolo Resort, atop Deolo Hill, Kalimpong's highest point
The town centre is located on a ridge connecting two hills, Deolo Hill and Durpin Hill,[11] at an elevation of 1,247 m (4,091 ft). Deolo, the highest point in Kalimpong, has an altitude of 1,704 m (5,591 ft) and Durpin Hill is at an elevation of 1,372 m (4,501 ft). The River Teesta flows in the valley below and separates Kalimpong from the state of Sikkim. The soil in the Kalimpong area is typically reddish in color. Occasional dark soils are found due to extensive existence of phyllite and schists.[16] The Shiwalik Hills, like most of the Himalayan foothills, have steep slopes and soft, loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides in the monsoon season.[16] The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Mount Kanchenjunga at 8,598 m (28,209 ft) the world's third tallest peak,[17] is clearly visible from Kalimpong.[2]
View of the Himalaya range
Kalimpong has five distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter and the monsoons. The annual temperature ranges from a high of 30 °C (86 °F) to a low of 9 °C (48 °F). Summers are mild, with the an average maximum temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) in August.[18] Summers are followed by the monsoon rains which lash the town between June and September. The monsoons are severe, often causing landslides which sequester the town from the rest of India. Winter lasts from December to February, with the maximum temperature being around 15 °C (59 °F). During the monsoon and winter seasons, Kalimpong is often enveloped by fog.[19]
[edit]Economy
Oranges grown in the hillsides are exported to many parts of India.
Tourism is the most significant contributor to Kalimpong's economy.[20] The summer and spring seasons are the most popular with tourists, keeping many of town's residents employed directly and indirectly. The town—earlier an important trade post between India and Tibet—hopes to boost its economy after the reopening of the Nathu La pass in April 2006.[21] Though this has resumed Indo–China border trades,[22] it is expected that Kalimpong will have a better chance of revival as a hub for Indo–China trades if the demand of local leaders for reopening of Jelep La pass also is met.[22]
Kalimpong is a major ginger growing area of India. Kalimpong and the state of Sikkim together contribute 15 percent of ginger produced in India.[23] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region is internationally famous for its tea industry.[24] However, most of the tea gardens are on the western side of Teesta river (towards the town of Darjeeling) and so tea gardens near Kalimpong contribute only 4 percent of total tea production of the region. In Kalimpong division, 90 percent of land is cultivable but only 10 percent is used for tea production.[25] Kalimpong is well known for its flower export industry—especially for its wide array of indigenous orchids and gladioli.[26]
A significant contributor to the town's economy is education sector.[20] The schools of Kalimpong, besides imparting education to the locals, also attract a significant number of students from the plains, the neighbouring state of Sikkim and also foreign countries such as Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Thailand.[20]
Many establishments cater to the Indian army bases near the town, providing it with essential supplies. Small contributions to the economy come by the way of the sale of traditional arts and crafts of Sikkim and Tibet. Government efforts related to sericulture, seismology, and fisheries provide a steady source of employment to many of its residents.
Kalimpong is well renowned for its cheese, noodles and lollipops. Kalimpong also exports a wide range of traditional handicrafts, wood-carvings, embroidered items, bags and purses with tapestry work, copper ware, scrolls, Tibetan jewellery and artifacts.[27][28]
[edit]Transport
NH31A winds along the banks of the river Teesta near Kalimpong.
Kalimpong is located off the National Highway 31A (NH31A), which links Sevok to Gangtok. The NH31A is an offshoot of the NH 31, which connects Sevok to Siliguri.[29] These two National Highways together, via Sevok, links Kalimpong to the plains.[30] Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Kalimpong with Siliguri and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong, Darjeeling and Gangtok. Four wheel drives are popular means of transport, as they can easily navigate the steep slopes in the region. However, road communication often get disrupted in the monsoons due to landslides. Within the town, people usually traverse by walking. Residents also use bicycle, two-wheelers and hired taxis for travelling short distances.
The nearest airport is in Bagdogra near Siliguri, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Kalimpong. Indian Airlines, Jet Airways, Air Deccan and Druk Air (Bhutan) are the three major carriers that connect the airport to Delhi, Calcutta , Paro (Bhutan) , Guwahati and Bangkok (Thailand). The closest major railway station is New Jalpaiguri, located on the outskirts of Siliguri,[2] which is connected with almost all major cities of the country.
[edit]Demographics
[show]Population growth
As of the 2001 India census,[32] Kalimpong had a population of 42,980. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kalimpong has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 73%. In Kalimpong, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.[32] The Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population for Kalimpong is 5,100 and 5,121 respectively.[33]
[edit]Civic administration
Kalimpong is the headquarters of the Kalimpong subdivision of the Darjeeling district. The semi-autonomous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC), set up by the West Bengal government in 1988, administers this subdivision as well as the Darjeeling Sadar and Kurseong subdivisions.[34] Kalimpong elects eight councillors to the DGHC, who manages the departments of Public Health, Education, Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Market, Small scale industries, Agriculture, Agricultural waterways, Forest (except reserved forests), Water, Livestock, Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services.[35] The district administration of Darjeeling, which is the authoritative body for the departments of election, panchayat, law and order, revenue etc., also acts as an interface of communication between the Council and the State Government.[35] The rural area in the subdivision covers three community development blocks Kalimpong I , Kalimpong II and Gorubathan consisting of forty-two gram panchayats.[36] A Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) presides over the Kalimpong subdivision. Kalimpong has a small police department with a lock-up.[37][38]
The Kalimpong municipality, which was established in 1945,[39] is in charge of the infrastructure of the town such as potable water and roads. The municipal area is divided into twenty-three wards.[40] Kalimpong municipality is constructing additional water storage tanks to meet the requirement of potable water, but it also needs an increase of water supply from the 'Neora Khola Water Supply Scheme' for this purpose.[1] Often, landslides occurring in monsoon season cause havoc to the roads in and around Kalimpong.[41] The West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited (WBSEDCL) that provides electricity here, needs to resolve issues like voltage fluctuations, unstable electrical supply and faulty electrical meters etc. faced by people of Kalimpong.[42] Renewable Energy Development Agency of the state has plans to promote usage of solar street lights in Kalimpong and also proposed an energy park here to sell renewable energy gadgets.[43] The Public Works Department is responsible for the road connecting the town to the National Highway–NH-31A.[44] The Kalimpong municipality has a total of 10 health care units, with a total of 433 bed capacity.[45]
The Kalimpong assembly constituency, which is an assembly segment of the Darjeeling parliamentary constituency, elects one member of the Vidhan Sabha of West Bengal.[46]
[edit]People and culture
The Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery atop Durpin Hill
The majority of the populace are ethnic Nepali, having migrated to Kalimpong in search of jobs while it was under British rule.[47] Indigenous ethnic groups include the Newars, Lepchas, Bhutia, Sherpas, Limbus, Rais, Magars,[48] Gurungs, Tamangs, Yolmos, Bhujels, Sunuwars, Sarkis, Damais and the Kamis.[49] The other non-native communities are the Bengalis, Marwaris, Anglo-Indian, Chinese, Biharis and Tibetans who escaped to Kalimpong after fleeing the Communist Chinese invasion of Tibet. Kalimpong is home to Trinley Thaye Dorje—one of the 17th Karmapa incarnations.[50] Kalimpong is the closest Indian town to Bhutan's western border, and has a small number of Bhutanese nationals residing here. Hinduism is the largest religion followed by Buddhism and Christianity.[48] Islam has a minuscule presence in this region, mostly Tibetan Muslims who fled in 1959 after Chinese invasion of Tibet.[51] The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.[5] There is a mosque in the bazaar area of Kalimpong.[52]
Popular festivals include Diwali, Christmas, Dussera or dasain in the local nepali dialect and the Buddhist festival of Losar. Languages spoken in Kalimpong include Nepali, which is the predominant language; Lepcha, Limbu, Tamang, Kirat, Hindi, English and Bengali.[2] Though there is a growing interest in cricket as a winter sport in Darjeeling Hills, football still remains the most popular sport in Kalimpong.[53] Every year since 1947, the Independence Shield Football Tournament is organized here as part of the two-day long Independence Day celebrations.[54] Former captain of India national football team, Pem Dorjee hails from Kalimpong.[55] A popular snack in Kalimpong is the momo, steamed dumplings made up of pork, beef or vegetable cooked in a wrapping of flour and served with watery soup. Wai-Wai is a packaged snack comprising of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form. Churpee, a kind of hard cheese made from yak's or chauri's (a hybrid of yak and cattle) milk, is sometimes chewed.[56] A form of noodle called Thukpa, served in soup form is also popular in Kalimpong.[57] There are a large number of restaurants which offer a wide variety of cuisines, ranging from Indian to continental, to cater to the tourists. Tea is the most popular beverage in Kalimpong, procured from the famed Darjeeling tea gardens. Kalimpong also has a golf course besides Kalimpong Circuit House.[2][58]
The cultural centres in Kalimpong include, the Lepcha Museum and the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery. The Lepcha Museum, situated a kilometre away from the town centre showcases the culture of the Lepcha community, the indigenous peoples of Sikkim. The Zang Dhok Palri Phodong monastery has 108 volumes of the Kangyur, and belongs to the Gelug of Buddhism.
Kiran Desai's 2006 Booker Prize-winning novel, The Inheritance of Loss, set in Kalimpong the 1980s, tells the story of a retired judge's family and their neighbours, with the Nepalalese insurgent movement led by the GNLF. It was reported that some Nepalese, led by author D B Gurung, were angered by what were allegedly negative stereotypes of Indian Nepalese people in the novel.[59]
[edit]Media and education
Kalimpong receives almost all the television channels that are received in the rest of India. Cable Television serves most of the homes in the city, while satellite television is more common in the outlying areas. Besides mainstream Indian channels, Kalimpong also receives locally produced Nepali language channels like Hill Channel, Kalimpong Television KTv, Dainandini, Haal Khabar etc. through the local cable network. Newspapers in Kalimpong include English language dailies, The Statesman and The Telegraph, which are printed in Siliguri,[60][61] and The Economic Times and the Hindustan Times which are printed in Kolkata (Calcutta).Besides these outstation publications, Kalimpong has its own magazine named Himalayan Times in English which is known for its bold and outspoken articles.[62] Among other languages, Nepali, Hindi and Bengali are prominent vernacular languages used in this region.[19] Newspapers in all these four languages are available in the Darjeeling Hills region. Of the largely circulated Nepali newspapers Himalay Darpan, Sunakhari Samachar are read most.[62] The Tibet Mirror was the first Tibetan language newspaper published in Kalimpong in 1925.[63]
Internet service and Internet cafés are well established; these are mostly served through broadband, data card of different mobile services, WLL, dialup lines ,[64][65] The public radio station, All India Radio along with other National and Private Channels including FM Radio are received in Kalimpong. The area is well serviced by major telecommunication companies of India with all types of cellular services in almost all the areas.[66]
There are fifteen major schools in Kalimpong, the most notable among them being St Joseph's Convent, Dr. Graham's Homes and St. Augustine's School. The Scottish Universities Mission Institution was the first school that was opened in 1886. Schools offer education up to class 10, following which students may choose to join a Junior College or carry on with an additional two years of schooling. The Kalimpong College and the Cluny Women's College are the main colleges in the town. Both of them are affiliated to the North Bengal University. Most students however, choose to further their studies in Siliguri and Calcutta. The Tharpa Choling Monastery, located at Tirpai Hill near Kalimpong, is managed by Yellow Hat sect and has a library of Tibetan manuscripts and thankas.[67]
[edit]Flora and fauna
Heliconia
The area around Kalimpong lies in the Eastern Himalayas, which is classified as an ecological hotspot, one of only three among the ecoregions of India. Neora Valley National Park that lies within the Kalimpong subdivision and is home to tigers.[68] Acacia is the most commonly found species at lower altitudes, while cinnamon, ficus, bamboo, cacti and cardamom, are found in the hillsides around Kalimpong. The forests found at higher altitudes are made up of pine trees and other evergreen alpine vegetation. Seven species of rhododendrons are found in the region east of Kalimpong. The temperate deciduous forests include oak, birch, maple and alder.[69] Three hundred species of orchid are found around Kalimpong, and Poinsettia and sunflower are some of the wild species that line the roads of Kalimpong.[70]
The Red Panda, Clouded Leopard[71], Siberian Weasel, Asiatic black bear[72], barking deer[73], Himalayan Tahr, goral, gaur[73] and pangolin are some of the fauna found near Kalimpong. Avifauna of the region include the pheasanta, cuckoos, minivets, flycatchers, maynas, orioles, owls, parakeets, partridges, sunbirds, swallows, swifts and woodpeckers.[71]
Kalimpong also has over forty-six nurseries which mainly cultivate gladioli which account for 80%[8] of India's production and orchids, which are exported to many parts of the world. The Rishi Bankim Chandra Park is an ecological museums within Kalimpong.[74] Citrus Dieback Research Station at Kalimpong works towards control of diseases, plant protection and production of disease free orange seedlings.[75]
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