Malda

Malda district (Bengali: মালদা জেলা) is a district of the Indian state of West Bengal. It lies 347 kilometres north of Kolkata, the state capital. This district is notable for the production of mango and silk. The folk culture of gombhira is a feature of the district, being a unique way of representation of joy and sorrow of daily life of the common people, as well as the unique medium of presentation on national and international matters.
District headquarters is English Bazar, also known as Malda, which was once the capital of Bengal. The district maintains the tradition of the past in culture and education. Old Maldah, the town which lies just east of the confluence of the Mahananda and Kalindi rivers, is part of the English Bazar urban agglomeration. The town rose to prominence as the river port of the old capital of Pandua. During the 18th century it was the seat of prosperous cotton and silk industries. It remains an important distributing centre for rice, jute, and wheat. Historical monuments include the mosque Jami' Masjid (1566) and the landmark Nimasari tower across the river. Constituted a municipality in 1867, it has several colleges affiliated with the University of North Bengal. Rice, jute, legumes, and oilseed are the chief crops in the surrounding area. Mulberry plantations and mango orchards occupy large areas; mango trade and silk manufacture are the main economic activities.
Contents [hide]
1 Location and Population
2 History
2.1 Pre-Gour Era
2.2 Gour Era
2.3 Post-Gour Era
2.4 Modern Malda
3 Malda City
4 Geography
5 Subdivisions
5.1 Chanchal subdivision
5.2 Malda Sadar subdivision
6 Demographics, Culture and Languages
7 Politics
8 Flora and fauna
9 Education
10 Economy
11 Places of interset
12 Notable Personalities
13 Gallery
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
[edit]Location and Population

Latitude: 24°40’20” N to 25°32’08” N
Longitude: 87°45’50” E to 88°28’10” E
District area: 3733.66 km²
Total Population (2001 Census) : 3,290,160
[edit]History

[edit]Pre-Gour Era
Panini mentioned a city named Gourpura, which by strong reason may be identified as the city of Gouda, ruins of which are situated in this district. Examples are legion of the relic of a predecessor kingdom being used in the monuments of the successor kingdoms.
It had been within the limits of ancient Gour and Pandua (Pundrabardhana). These two cities had been the capital of Bengal in ancient and medieval ages and are equidistant, north and south, from English Bazar town (once known as Engelzavad established by the British rulers).
The boundary of Gour was changed in different ages since 5th century BC and its name can be found in Puranic texts. Pundranagara was the provincial capital of Maurya Empire. Gour and Pundravardhana formed parts of the Mourya empire as is evinced from the inscriptions, Brahmi script on a seal discovered from the ruins of Mahasthangarh in the Bogra District of Bangladesh. Hiuen Tsang saw many Asokan stupas at Pundravardhana.
The inscriptions discovered in the district of undivided Dinajpur and other parts of North Bengal along with the Allahabad pillar inscriptions of Samudragupta clearly indicate that the whole of North Bengal as far east as Kamrup formed a part of the Gupta empire.
After the Guptas in the beginning of 7th century AD Sasanka, the king of Karnasubarna as well as the king of Gauda ruled independently for more than three decades. From the middle of 8th century to the end of 11th century the Pala dynasty ruled Bengal, the kings were devoted to Buddhism. It was during their reign that the Jagadalla Vihara (monastery) in Barindri flourished paralleling with Nalanda, Vikramshila and Devikot.
[edit]Gour Era
The Pala empire yielded to the emergence of Sen Dynasty, the Sen rulers were Hindus, and in the habit of moving from place to place within their kingdom. During this time, Buddhism went on the defensive. It evantually disappeared from the demographic map of Bengal. At the time of Lakshman Sen Goud was known as Lakshmanabati. The Sen kings ruled Bengal till Bakhtiyar Khalji conquered Bengal in 1204 AD.
Thereafter the Muslim rule started. The name Mal Daha was coined (Mal= riches, Daha= lake).Sultan Ilyas Shah,Firuz Shah, Sikandar Shah, Raja Ganesha, Alauddin Hussain Shah and Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah are the notable rulers of medieval age. Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri invaded Gour and was repelled by Mughal emperor Humayun. Humayun loving the mango of Gour named the place as Jannatabad (garden of heaven). Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Ghiyasuddin and Mughal army invaded Gour to suppress rebelion several time. Relics of muslim structures are present as Firuz minar, Adina Mosque (the largest mosque of South Asia then), Qutwali gate etc. During the Mughal rule, the capital was removed to Dhaka due to course change of river Ganges. Muslim rule ended in 1757. Koch army invasion increased during down fall of Gour.
[edit]Post-Gour Era
The British rule started in 1757. The English traders settled in southern bank of river Mahananda. Some indigo plant chambers, trade center and offices were established. William Kerry worked here. But the glorious days were gone.
This district was formed out of some portions of outlying areas of Purnia, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts in 1813. At the time of Dr. B. Hamilton (1808 –09), the present thanas of Gazole, Malda, Bamongola, and part of Habibpur were included in the district of Dinajpur and the thanas of Harischandrapur, Kharba, Ratua, Manikchak, and Kaliachak were included in the district of Purnia. In 1813, in consequence of the prevalence of serious crimes in the Kaliachak and Sahebganj thanas and also on the rivers, a Joint Magistrate and Deputy Collector was appointed at Englishbazar with jurisdiction over a number of police station centering that place and taken from the two district. Thus the district of Malda was born. The year 1832 saw the establishment of separate treasury and the year 1859 the posting of a full-fledged magistrate and collector.
Up to 1876, this district formed part of Rajshahi Division and between 1876 and 1905, it formed part of Bhagalpur Division. In 1905, it was again transferred to Rajshahi Division and till 1947 Malda remained in this division. During the first Partition of Bengal of 1905, this district was attached with the newly created province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. Malda has a history of Indigo movement led by Rafique Mondal. The santhals got insurgent and captured historic Adina Mosque in support of Jeetu. Again in August 1947 this district was affected by partition. Between 12 August and 15 August 1947 the fate of the district as to which side it should go, to Pakistan or to India, was undecided because the announcement of the partition award of Sir Radcliffe did not make this point clear. During these few days the district was under a Magistrate of East Pakistan, when the details of the Radcliffe Award were published, the district came over to West Bengal on 17 August 1947.But the sub-division of Nawabganj was severed from Malda and was given to East Pakistan as a sub-division of Rajshahi district.
[edit]Modern Malda

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Malda have been long neglected district since independence of India, but it became a prominent place in West Bengal after Late A. B. A. Ghani Khan Chowdhury one of the prominent personality of eastern India (b.1927-d.2006) took steps within his various capacities being minister of different portfolios from state to national ministries of India to develop Malda.
Past 28 years West Bengal was ruled by the opponents of Mr. Khan Chowdhury succeed to establish a unique relation with him and the district witnessing the fruit of this coalition in industrial sector. Sukhjeet Starch Ltd, East End Silk Ltd. and lots of other enterprises are coming up. There is also GO-NGO partnership on the card specially artisan based business cluster development and SME establishment is within the mission
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[edit]Malda City

Main article: Malda
Malda city, the district headquarter which lends its name to the district, during its early days grew up only near the side of river Mahananda, and now the place is known as Phulbari. Some of the most old houses can be found here. The city started to grow since 1925-1930. Now near about half-million people live in this city, and it is one of the big cities of West Bengal. It is a part of the former Gour. The town is recognized as English Bazaar municipality. Its notable railway station is named as Malda Town Junction.
[edit]Geography

Malda is called the gateway of North Bengal. It was once the capital of Gour-Banga with its 3733 km² lay of the land classified into Tal, Diara, and Barind.
To the south is Murshidabad district, to the north are North Dinajpur district and South Dinajpur district. To the east is the international border with Bangladesh. To the west is Santhal Parganas of Jharkhand and Purnea of Bihar
Erosion
Malda region is washed by the waves of the rivers Ganges, Mahananda, Fulahar and Kalindri.1998 floold and recent erosion causes trouble. Manikchak suffers most.
[edit]Subdivisions

The district comprises two subdivisions: Chanchal and Malda Sadar. Chanchal consists of six community development blocks: Chanchal–I, Chanchal–II, Ratua–I, Ratua–II, Harishchandrapur–I and Harishchandrapur–II. Malda Sadar subdivision consists of Old Maldah municipality, English Bazar municipality and nine community development blocks: English Bazar, Gazole, Habibpur, Kaliachak–I, Kaliachak–II, Kaliachak–III, Manickchak, Old Maldah and Bamangola.[1] English Bazar is the district headquarters. There are 11 police stations,[2] 15 development blocks, 2 municipalities, 146 gram panchayats and 3701 villages in this district.[1][3]
Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns.[4] In total there are 10 urban units: 2 municipalities and 3 census towns. English Bazar and Old Maldah form an urban agglomeration.
[edit]Chanchal subdivision
Chanchal–I community development block consists of rural areas only (8 gram panchayats).
Chanchal–II community development block consists of rural areas only (7 gram panchayats).
Ratua–I community development block consists of rural areas only (10 gram panchayats).
Ratua–II community development block consists of rural areas only (8 gram panchayats).
Harishchandrapur–I community development block consists of rural areas only (7 gram panchayats).
Harishchandrapur–II community development block consists of rural areas only (9 gram panchayats).
[edit]Malda Sadar subdivision
English Bazar: municipality
Old Maldah: municipality
English Bazar community development block consists of rural areas only (11 gram panchayats).
Gazole community development block consists of rural areas only (15 gram panchayats).
Habibpur community development block consists of rural areas (11 gram panchayats) and three census towns: Kachu Pukur, Kendua and Aiho.
Kaliachak–I community development block consists of rural areas only (14 gram panchayats).
Kaliachak–II community development block consists of rural areas only (9 gram panchayats).
Kaliachak–III community development block consists of rural areas only (14 gram panchayats).
Manickchak community development block consists of rural areas only (11 gram panchayats).
Old Maldah community development block consists of rural areas only (6 gram panchayats).
Bamangola community development block consists of rural areas only (6 gram panchayats).
[edit]Demographics, Culture and Languages

32,90,160 people lives in Malda. Malda has a marvellous diversity of demographics. Various classes and tribes like Polia, Shersabadia,Khotta,Panjhra,Santhals live here. Northern part has dominantly Hindu population. Tribesman and Christian people also lives here. Old Maldah has a number of Shikh population suffered in 1984 anti-Sikh riots. Some Muslim concentrated areas were transferred to Pakistan. Now South Malda boasts of large number of Muslim population. Sujapur Idgah is one of the largest in India. Despite once Buddhist state, Malda has no Buddhist state inhabitant. Some local forms of Bengali,Hindi and Urdu are spoken along with original forms. Some regional languages are Kamtapuri,Shersabadia,santali,Khotta etc. Malda has special cultural sorts like Gombhira,Alkap,kabigan etc. Major festivals and caltural fairs are
Durga puja
Id-ul-Fitr
Id-uz-Zoha
Kali Puja
Guru Nanak Jayanti, Especially in Old Maldah
X-mas
FAIRs
Ramkeli FairGour
Kartik puja Fair
Charu Babu Mela
Charak Fair
Piran-e-Pir fair
Book fair and Expo are organized yearly.
[edit]Politics

People of the district elect 11 members for the Legislative Assembly. It also has 2 parliamentary constituencies in the district. Malda has two Lok Sabha Seats named North Malda and South Malda
[edit]Flora and fauna

The flora of Malda district is merely a small portion of that extending from Kose to the Brahmapurtra, and alteration of beels and village shrubberies with the drier jungle of the Barind region, where the ground is not occupied by the usual crops, it is covered by and abundant Natural vegetation excepting the sandy beds of rivers. Old river beds, ponds, marshy land and other watery regions have a copious vegetation of vallisneria and other plants. The areas which are subject to frequent inundation usually cover themselves with seedy grasses and in marshy parts with Rosainvolucrata is plentiful. Some portions of Barind area are covered by jungles, which consist chiefly of thorny scrub bush jungles mixed with Pipal, Bat, Simul and Pakur trees and Nepal Bamboos. Species of thorny bamboos are also seen in Pandua areas near villages and embankment areas of Gour thickets or shrubberies, ordinary Neem, Jackfruit trees, tamarind, bamboo, pipul and mango trees are seen in plenty. The soil of the western region of the district is particularly suited to the growth of mulberry and mango, for the production of both of which Malda has become famous.
Though about a century ago Malda was great place for the unusual quantity of large games" at present the district has lost its charm in this respect, Earlier, the breeding ground of the animal were the thorny jungles of the "Barind' area and jungles covering the Gour and Pandua ruins. Malda was often described as "best sporting ground of north bengal". Many European traveller witnessed crocodiles on wet lands of gour. In 1919 the last tiger and in 1965 the last leopard of Malda was killed.
But the jungles have mostly been cleared and their inhabitants exterminated by the Santals and Paharias, who have crossed the Ganges in large number to settle in "Barind" and other areas. It is high time that the people become aware of the dangers of ecological imbalance.
The rivers, beels, and ponds of Malda produce considerable quantities of various categories of fishes mention may be made Rohu, Katla, Chital, Boal , Magur, Shol, Hilisha, Pabda and varieties of Crabs , Prawns, Turtles etc. Pisciculture has been undertaken under various projects according to modern scientific methods.
[edit]Education

Though Malda is one of the least educated districts of West Bengal, it contains some of the most élite schools of the state. Malda Zilla School, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Vidyamandir, The Barlow Girls High School, A C Institution, Lalitmohan, Malda Town High School, C.C.Girls High School, St Xavier (English medium), St Mary School (English medium), Jingle Bell School (An English Medium preparatory school), Holy Child English Academy and North Point English Academy are also some of the most reputed schools of the district. Malda Zilla School is the oldest school in town and also one of the oldest schools in West Bengal. It was established in 1858 on recommendation of Hunter commission after the mutiny. Malda College was also in the top league among North Bengal University affiliated colleges. Now it has its own university, Gour Banga University with affiliated colleges in the district and neighboring South and North Dinajpur. Malda town also has an engineering college and few private technical institutions, mostly for computer-related professional courses. For a long time proposals have been on the table for a medical college in Malda.
[edit]Economy

The economy of the district is basically agrarian and ranks as one of the most underdeveloped districts in West Bengal. Malda has a low per capita income, low yield per unit area, poor industrialisation, shortage of capital and entrepreneurship, and also a lack of infrastructure and large labour surplus.
The district has no known mineral resources and agriculture remains the main stay. The main agricultural products are paddy, wheat, jute and rabi-crops.
Malda occupies an important place in the map of the State for the production of raw-silk yarn. The annual estimated production of raw-silk yarn in this district is about 85% of the total output of the State which, if taken in terms of money amounts to approximately rupees 4 crores (40,000,000 rupees). Production of mango is another important aspect of Malda's economy. About 45,000 acres (180 km²) of land are covered by mango orchards which, in normal years, bear fruit to the extent of 3,60,000 tonnes the value of which in money terms comes to about Rs. 5.5 crores (55,000,000 rupees). (All estimates of year 2000)
It will not be out of place to put in a few words about the mango production of Malda district, which has earned fame for this district. Mango is abundantly grown over the whole district with the exception of "Barind' area. Englishbazar is by far the highest and the best mango-growing thana. It is followed by other thanas namely. Ratua, Manickchak, Kaliachak, Chanchal, Malda and Harischandrapur in that order. There are mainly two varieties of mangoes (i) the gooti or the ordinary varieties of mango grown from seed and (ii) Kalam which is grown from grafting .The latter is of superior-quality and fetches higher price. The finest variety is the Gopalbhog, though there are other varieties namely , Brindaboni,Gopalbhog, Ashsina, Langra, Kshirshapati, Kishanbhog and Fazli.
The mango trade is one of the most important feature of the economy of this district and one which leaves important impact on the economy of this district. The price of mango varies according to its class and the effect of weather on the crop, for hail and heavy rains are most injurious to the formation of a goods fruit. In recent years, there have been several failure of crops and there seems to be a cycle of good and bad years. A bumper crop usually comes once in four years and is followed by a bad year in which the production may come down to 25% 30% of the average production. Then comes a moderate crop with production ranging between 45-50% followed by a second bad year. The only consolation for such a bad year is that the price rises in proportion to the extent of failure of crop. Such fluctuation in the total product and price make it very difficult to reach an accurate estimate of the annual value of the mango trade.
[edit]Places of interset

Early 19th century lithograph of the Muslim ruins of Dakhil Darwaza at Gour
Adina Relics
Adina Mosque
Gol ghar
Eklakhi mosque
Adina deer park
Relics of Gour
Firoz minar
Chika Masjid
Qutwali Gate
12 gated mosque
Qudm-e-Rasul, shrine believed containing footprint of the Prophet
Nimasarai Tower
Jami Masjid
Pandua Shrine
Piran-e-Pir Shrine.
lost monastery of Jagjivanpur.
Temple of Ramakrishna Mission.
Chanchal palace
Aquatic Bengal
[edit]Notable Personalities

Benoy Sarkar, notable social scientist and Professor of Calcutta University was a son of Malda. Please add to this section.
POLITICS
MONARCHS:
See List of rulers of Bengal
A. B. A. Ghani Khan Chowdhury, former railways minister of India(1982-84).
Asim Dasgupta, finance minister of West Bengal studied in Malda Zilla School.
Atul Chandra, freedom fighter.
Rafique Mondal, indigo plant movement.
Jeetu Santhal, Santhal insurgent.
LITERATURE
Shibram Chakraborty, Bengali Satirist.
Ishwar Lohar, translator of The Ramayana in Santhal language.
Matar Babu, Gombhira music specialist.
Educationist
Durgakinkar Bhattacharya.
Mohammad Sanaullah.
Gallery

Binoy Sarkar

Malda Zilla School, Town's oldest School

A. B. Ghani Khan Chowdhury

Mahananda River

Adina Mosque

Firoze Minar

List of rulers of Bengal
History of Bengal

Pala dynasty

Gour

References

^ a b "Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008". West Bengal. National Informatics Centre, India. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ "Census of India 2001, Final Population Totals, West Bengal, Rural Frame". West Bengal. Directorate of census operations. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ "District Profile". Official website of the Malda district. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
^ "Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001". West Bengal. Directorate of census operations. Retrieved 2008-11-10.