North 24 Parganas

North 24 Parganas district (Bengali: উত্তর চব্বিশ পরগণা জেলা) is a district in southern West Bengal, India. North 24 Parganas extends in the [tropical zone] from latitude 22º11´6´´ north to 23º15´2´´ north and from longitude 88º20´ east to 89º5´ east. It is bordered to Nadia by north, to Bangladesh (Khulna Division) by north and east, to South 24 Parganas and Kolkata by south and to Kolkata, Howrah and Hoogly by west. Barasat is the district headquarters of North 24 Parganas.
North 24 Parganas is West Bengal’s most populous and economically backward district. It is also the tenth largest district in the State by area and second most densely populated district (3,781/km² as of 2007 census).
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient History
1.2 Middle Ages
1.3 British Raj
1.4 After Independence
2 Geography
2.1 Location
2.2 Land
2.3 Groundwater Arsenic Contamination
3 Climate
4 Economy
5 Subdivisions
5.1 Barrackpore subdivision
5.2 Barasat Sadar subdivision
5.3 Bangaon subdivision
5.4 Basirhat subdivision
5.5 Bidhannagar subdivision
6 Transport
6.1 Bus Services
6.2 Bus Terminuses
6.3 Auto-rickshaw stands
7 Demographics
8 Education
9 Health facilities
10 Assembly constituencies
10.1 Impact of delimitation of constituencies
11 References
12 External links
[edit]History

[edit]Ancient History
According to Ptolemy’s Treaties on geography, written in the 2nd Century A.D., the ancient land of Gangaridi was stretched between the rivers Bhagirathi-Hoogly (lower Ganga) and Padma-Meghna. The modern-day 24 Parganas was the southern and the south-eastern territory of that legendary kingdom.
Archeological excavation at Berachampa village in Deganga PS proves that though the area was not directly attached to the rule of the Guptas, yet it could not shun their cultural influence. Xuanzang (c. 629-685) visited 30 Buddhist Biharas and 100 Hindu Temples in India and some of these were in the Greater 24 Parganas region.
The district was not a part of Shashanka’s unified Bengali empire known as Gauda, but it is assumed that the district which was the south-west frontier territory of ancient Bengal, was comprised in under the rule of Dharmapala (estimated c. 770-810). The Pala rule was not quite strong in this part as no excavation uncover any of Buddhist Pala antiquities but a lots of Hindu Sena sculptures.
[edit]Middle Ages
In the middle of 16th century, Portuguese pirates began to invade and plunder many of the waterways and prosperous human settlements in the lower delta region. People started to run off these places in fear of being murdered, raped or captured to be sold as slaves. The Basirhat sub-division of North 24 Parganas suffered these torments.
Maharaja Pratapaditya, a Bhuian king (one of the 12 feudal lords of Bengal who declared their sovereignty from the Mughal Empire) of Jessore, Khulna, Barisal and Greater 24 Parganas, fought and resisted the Portuguese in the early years of 17th Century. When he was defeated by the Mughals, Lakshmikanta Majumdar (Ganguly) of Barisha, a sub-ordinate of the king, won the favor of fortune. While establishing the famous Kali Temple at Kalighat, Majumdar got some help of Raja Basanta Roy, Pratapaditya’s uncle who was later killed by his ever-suspicious nephew. Yet Majumdar played for Abdul Rahman Khan, the Mughal Subbadar (governor of Mughal provinces). Pratapaditya lost the battles of Salka and Magrahat and was captured by the Mughal. Later he died in prison on the way to Delhi. Majumdar was reworded the zamindari of Magura, Paikan, Anwarpur and Kalikata for his treason against his own sovereign from Jahangir in 1611. Later his grandson was bestowed the Zamindari of Khulna and Greater 24 Parganas (partially) by Murshid Quli Khan, the Nawab of Bengal.
[edit]British Raj
The territory of Greater 24 Parganas were under the Satgaon (ancient Saptagram, now in Hoogly district) administration during the Mughal era and later it was included in Hoogly chakla (district under post-Mughal Nawabi rule) during the rule of Murshid Quli Khan. In 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, Nawab Mir Jafar confer the Zamindari of 24 parganas and janglimahals (small administrative units) to the British East India Company. These were Amirpur, Akbarpur, Balia, Birati, Azimabad, Basandhari, Baridhati, Bagjola, Kalikata, Garh, Hatiagarh, Islampur, Dakshin Sagar, Kharijuri, Khaspur, Ikhtiarpur, Madhyamgram, Magura, Medanmalla, Maida, Manpur, Muragachha, Pechakuli, Paikan, Rajarhat, Shahpur, Shahnagar, Satal and Uttar Pargana. Since then, this entire territory is known as Twentyfour Parganas.
In 1751, the Company assigned John Zephaniah Holwell as zemindar of the District.[1] In 1759, after the Bengali War of 1756-57, the Company assigned it to Lord Clive as a personal Jaghir (zamindari) and after his death it again came under the direct authority of the Company.
In 1793, during the rule of Lord Cornwallis, entire Sunderbans were in Twentyfour Parganas. In 1802, some parganas on the western banks of river Hoogly were included into it. These parganas were in Nadia earlier. In 1814, a separate collectorate was established in Twenty-four Parganas. In 1817, Falta and Baranagar and in 1820, some potions of Nadia’s Balanda and Anwarpur were encompassed to it. In 1824, portions of Barasat, Khulna and Bakhargunge (now in Bangladesh) were also included to it. In 1824, the district Headquarter was shifted from Kolkata to Baruipur, but in 1828, it was removed to Alipore. In 1834, the district was spilt into two districts – Alipore and Barasat, but later these were united again.
In 1905, some portion of this district around the Sunderbans was detached and linked to Khulna and Barishal. These parts remained in Pakistani (later Bangladeshi) territories where Jessore’s Bangaon was joined to Twentyfour Pargana after the 1947 partition.
[edit]After Independence
In 1983, an administrative reform committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Ashok Mitra suggested to spilt the district into two and as per the recommendation of the committee two districts – North and South 24 Parganas were created. The North 24 Parganas which was included to the Presidency Division has been formed with 5 sub-divisions of the Greater 24 Parganas namely Barasat (Headquarter), Barrackpore, Basirhat, Bangaon and Bidhannagar (a satellite township of Kolkata, popularly known as Salt Lake).
[edit]Geography

The district lies within the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta. The river Ganges flows along the entire west border of the district. There are many other rivers, which include the Ichhamati, Jamuna, and Bidyadhari.
[edit]Location
Latitude: 23°15'North - 22°11' North
Longitude: 89°5'East - 88°20' East
[edit]Land
Soil Status varies from alluvial to clay loam. Ratio of land High: Medium:Low=17:44:39


[edit]Groundwater Arsenic Contamination
North 24 Parganas is one of the nine (including Kolkata) severely arsenic affected district in West Bengal. On the basis of updated survey conducted by School of Environmental Studies (SOES), Jadavpur University, out of total 22 administrative blocks in 22, 21 and 16 blocks arsenic above 10 μg/L (WHO Recommended value of arsenic in drinking water), 50 μg/L (Indian standard value of arsenic in drinking water) and 300 μg/L (the concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions) was noted respectively. The maximum arsenic contamination level found in this district is 2830μg/L in the Baduria block.
[edit]Climate

The climate is tropical, like the rest of the Gangetic West Bengal. The hallmark is the Monsoon, which lasts from early June to mid September. The weather remains dry during the winter (mid November to mid February) and humid during summer.
Annual Rainfall 1,579mm (Normal)
Temperature 41°C in May (Max) and 10°C in January (Min)
Relative Humidity Between 50% in March & 90% in July
[edit]Economy

Muslims are mainly engaged in farming, fishing and other agricultural activities. The average size of agricultural landholdings in 3.2 Bighas. Hindu "Refugees" from Bangladesh form a major part of the industrial workforce. North 24 Pargans is one of the economically backward District of West Bengal.
[edit]Subdivisions

The district comprises five subdivisions: Barrackpore, Barasat Sadar, Basirhat, Bangaon and Bidhannagar. Barrackpore subdivision consists of sixteen municipalities (Kanchrapara, Halisahar, Naihati, Bhatpara, Garulia, Barrackpore, North Barrackpur, New Barrackpur, Titagarh, Khardaha, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum, North Dumdum and South Dumdum) and two community development blocks: Barrackpore–I and Barrackpore–II. Barasat Sadar subdivision consists of six municipalities (Barasat, Habra, Rajarhat Gopalpur, Ashoknagar Kalyangarh, Madhyamgram and Gobardanga) and seven community development blocks: Barasat–I, Barasat–II, Amdanga, Deganga, Habra–I, Habra–II and Rajarhat. Bangaon subdivision consists of Bangaon municipality and three community development blocks: Bagda, Bangaon and Gaighata. Basirhat subdivision consists of three municipalities (Basirhat, Baduria and Taki) and ten community development blocks: Baduria, Basirhat–I, Basirhat–II, Haroa, Hasnabad, Hingalganj, Minakhan, Sandeshkhali–I and Sandeshkhali–II and Swarupnagar. Bidhannagar subdivision consists of only Bidhannagar municipality.[2] Barasat is the district headquarters. There are 35 police stations, 22 development blocks, 27 municipalities, 200 gram panchayats and 1599 villages in this district.[2][3]
Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocks which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 48 urban units: 27 municipalities and 20 census towns and 1 cantonment board.[3][4]
[edit]Barrackpore subdivision
Sixteen municipalities: Kanchrapara, Halisahar, Naihati, Bhatpara, Garulia, Barrackpore, North Barrackpur, New Barrackpur, Titagarh, Khardaha, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum, North Dumdum and South Dumdum.[5]
One Cantonment Board: Barrackpur Cantonment
Barrackpore–I community development block consists of rural areas with 8 gram panchayats and three census towns: Jetia, Garshyamnagar and Kaugachhi.
Barrackpore–II community development block consists of rural areas with 6 gram panchayats and six census towns: Jafarpur, Talbandha, Muragachha, Patulia, Ruiya and Chandpur.
One more census town: Ichhapur Defence Estate.
[edit]Barasat Sadar subdivision
Six municipalities: Barasat, Habra, Rajarhat Gopalpur, Ashoknagar Kalyangarh, Madhyamgram and Gobardanga
Barasat–I community development block consists of rural areas with 9 gram panchayats and one census town: Duttapukur.
Barasat–II community development block consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
Amdanga community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Deganga community development block consists of rural areas only with 13 gram panchayats.
Habra–I community development block consists of rural areas with 7 gram panchayats and three census towns: Nokpul, Maslandapur and Sadpur.
Habra–II community development block consists of rural areas with 8 gram panchayats and two census towns: Bara Bamonia and Guma.
Rajarhat community development block consists of rural areas with 6 gram panchayats and one census town: Raigachhi.
[edit]Bangaon subdivision
One municipality: Bangaon
Bagda community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
Bangaon community development block consists of rural areas only with 16 gram panchayats.
Gaighata community development block consists of rural areas with 13 gram panchayats and two census towns: Sonatikiri and Dhakuria.
[edit]Basirhat subdivision
Three municipalities: Basirhat, Baduria and Taki
Baduria community development block consists of rural areas only with 14 gram panchayats.
Basirhat–I community development block consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
Basirhat–II community development block consists of rural areas with 9 gram panchayats and one census town: Dhanyakuria.
Haroa community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Hasnabad community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
Hingalganj community development block consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
Minakhan community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Sandeshkhali–I community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Sandeshkhali–II community development block consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
Swarupnagar community development block consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
[edit]Bidhannagar subdivision
This subdivision consists of urban areas only,[2] viz. Bidhannagar municipality.
[edit]Transport

[edit]Bus Services
30 Madhyamgram Station - Babughat via Nagerbazar, Sealdah
78 Bongaon-Sodepur
30A Sinthi - Dharmatala via Shyambazar
30B Gouripur - Babughat via Nagerbazar, Dum Dum Station, Sealdah
30B/1 Gouripur - Howrah Station via Italgachha, Dum Dum Cantonment, Dum Dum Station
30C Hatiara - Babughat via Baguihati, Laketown, Shyambazar
30C/1 Hatiara - Babughat via Baguihati, Ultadanga
30D Dum Dum Cantonment Station - Babughat via Nagerbazar, Sealdah
30E Kestopur (now plying from Gorabazar Mor) - Babughat via Shyamnagar, Shyambazar, Sealdah
30F Srirampur in Hooghly - Salt Lake (Now Defunct)
72 Basirhat - Nazat
78 Barrackpur - Esplanade
79 Itinda Ghat - Shyambazar (Now Defunct)
79/1 Badarhat - Shyambazar via Jadurati, Berachampa (Now Defunct)
79A Baduria - Shyambazar (Now Defunct)
79B Barasat - Bagbazar
79C Hasnabad - Shyambazar (Now Defunct)
79D Madhyamgram - Dharmatala
81 Barrackpur Fishery Gate - Barasat
85 Barrackpur - Kanchrapara
87 Barasat - Bara Jaguli via Amdanga, Kamdebpur, Awalsiddhi
88 Barasat - Kanchrapara via Bara Jaguli
90 Shyambazar - Birohi via Barasat, Bara Jaguli (Now Defunct)
91 Shyambazar - Bhangar / Ghatakpukur via Nagerbazar, Kaikhali, Lauhati, Shikharpur, Sonpur
91A Shyambazar - Harua via Nagerbazar, Kaikhali, Lauhati
91B Shyambazar - Bhojerhat via Nagerbazar, Kaikhali, Lauhati, Shikharpur, Pakapole
91C Shyambazar - Lauhati via Ultadanga, Baguihati, Kaikhali
93 Bagbazar - Kharibari via Nagerbazar, Madhyamgram, Badu
The 200 Series of Routes
202 Nagerbazar - Science City
211 Kharibari - Ahiritala via Rajarhat, Baguihati
211A Patharghata - Ahiritala via Shyambazar, Laketown, Baguihati, Rajarhat, Bishnupur
215 Lake Town - Howrah Station
215/1 Lake Town VIP Road Crossing - Howrah Station
219 Nagerbazar Clive House - Howrah Station
221 Nagerbazar - Golpark
223 B.T. College - Golf Green
237 Birati - Babu Ghat via Nazrul Islam Avenue, Ultadanga
237/1 Birati - Babu Ghat via B.T. Road, Shyambazar
238 Barasat - Howrah Station
248 Haroa - Dharmatala in Kolkata
249 Habra - Dharmatala in Kolkata
250 Bangaon - Dharmatala in (Kolkata) via Gaighata, Habra, Barasat
252 Hasnabad - Dharmatala in (Kolkata) via Taki, Basirhat, Berachampa, Barasat
The DN Series of Routes
DN1 Ultadanga - Patharghata - Now Defunct
DN2 Barasat - Dakshineswar via Birati
DN5 Barasat - Naihati via Nilganj, Barrackpur Kalyani Expressway
DN6 Duttapukur - Dakshineswar via Sodepur
DN8 Barasat - Salt Lake via Nagerbazar
DN9 Berachampa - Dakshineswar via Barasat, Nagerbazar, Chiria More
DN9/1 Barasat - Dakshineswar via Nagerbazar, Chiria More
DN10 Barrackpur - Beliaghata via Sodepur, Madhyamgram, Badu
DN11 Halisahar - Barrackpur via Barrackpur Kalyan Expressway
DN12 Bangaon - Basirhat via Maslandapur, Baduria
DN12/1 Habra - Nazat via Maslandapur, Baduria, Basirhat
DN13 Hakimpur - Sangrampur
DN13A Sangrampur - Salt Lake via Haroa, Rajarhat, Jatragachhi
DN16 Barasat - Ghatakpukur via Dum Dum Airport, Baguihati, Rajarhat, Bhangar
DN17 Barasat - Dharmatala
DN18 Hasnabad or Baduria or Itinda Ghat - Shyambazar via Barasat, Nagerbazar
DN20 Barasat - Nazat
DN28 Nasirhati - Barasat via Berachampa
DN35 Barasat - Balti
DN40 Lauhati - Dakshineswar via Rajarhat, Baguihati
DN44 Bangaon - Dakshineswar
DN46 Ghola - Rajarhat New Town
DN47 Barasat Nawpara - Salt Lake Sector V
[edit]Bus Terminuses
Baduria, Baguihati, Bangaon, Bangur Avenue, Bara Jaguli, Barasat, Duttapukur, Barrackpur, Berachampa, Basirhat, Clive House, Dum Dum Airport, Dum Dum Cantonment Railway Station, Dum Dum Park, Dum Dum Railway Station, Ghola, Gouripur, Habra, Hakimpur, Haroa , Hasnabad, Hatiara, Itindaghat, Kachrapara, Kalindi, Kharibari, LakeTown, Madhyamgram, Nagerbazar, Parthapur, Patharghata, Rahara, Sangrampur, Thakdari
[edit]Auto-rickshaw stands
Barasat, Baguihati, Birati, Nager Bazer, Gorabazer, Air Port 1 no Gate, Dum Dum Station, Satgachi More, Jessore Road Lake Town, Durganar Station, Duttapukur, Shyamnagar Station, Naihati.
[edit]Demographics

Population: 8,930,295 (2001 census)
Male: 4,635,262; Female: 4,295,033
Area:4094 square km
Population Density: 2781 per square km
Sex ratio: 977 females per 1000 males
Decadal Growth Rate 1991-200 : 22.64
Literacy rate (excluding 0-6 age group), in percentage: 82.07 (second-highest in West Bengal)
Male:83.92; Female:71.72
Hindus - 61%, Muslims - 36%, others - 3%
[edit]Education

Primary school 2353,799
Middle school 26163
High school 204560
Higher Secondary school 15328
Degree college 237
Technical schools & colleges 116
[edit]Health facilities

District Hospital 10 with 2500 bedswrong information
Sub Divisional Hospital 14 with 1870 beds
state General Hospital 18 with 1870 beds
ESI Hospital 01 with 200 beds
Rural Hospital 07 with 228 beds
Block Primary Health Centre 15
[edit]Assembly constituencies

The district is divided into 28 assembly constituencies:[6]
Bagadaha (SC) (assembly constituency no. 84),
Bangaon (assembly constituency no. 85),
Gaighata (assembly constituency no. 86),
Habra (assembly constituency no. 87),
Ashoknagar (assembly constituency no. 88),
Amdanga (assembly constituency no. 89),
Barasat (assembly constituency no. 90),
Rajarhat (SC) (assembly constituency no. 91),
Deganga (assembly constituency no. 92),
Swarupnagar (assembly constituency no. 93),
Baduria (assembly constituency no. 94),
Basirhat (assembly constituency no. 95),
Hasnabad (assembly constituency no. 96),
Haroa (SC) (assembly constituency no. 97),
Sandeshkhali (SC) (assembly constituency no. 98),
Hingalganj (SC) (assembly constituency no. 99),
Bijpur (assembly constituency no. 128),
Naihati (assembly constituency no. 129),
Bhatpara (assembly constituency no. 130),
Jagatdal (assembly constituency no. 131),
Noapara (assembly constituency no. 132),
Titagarh (assembly constituency no. 133),
Khardaha (assembly constituency no. 134),
Panihati (assembly constituency no. 135),
Kamarhati (assembly constituency no. 136),
Baranagar (assembly constituency no. 137),
Dum Dum (assembly constituency no. 138) and
Belgachia East (assembly constituency no. 139).
Bagdaha, Rajarhat, Haroa, Sandeshkhali and Hingalganj constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Bagdaha, Bangaon, Gaighata, Habra, Ashoknagar, Barasat and Deganga assembly constituencies form the Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency). Amdanga, Bijpur, Naihati, Bhatpara, Jagatdal, Titagarh and Noapara assembly constituencies form the Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency). Rajarhat, Khardah, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum and Belgachia East assembly constituencies form the Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency). Swarupnagar, Baduria, Basirhat, Hasnabad, Haroa and Hingalganj constituencies are part of the Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency), which also contains one assembly segment from South 24 Parganas district. Along with six assembly constituencies from South 24 Parganas district, Sandeshkhali assembly constituency forms the Joynagar (Lok Sabha constituency), which is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC).
[edit]Impact of delimitation of constituencies
As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, the district will be divided into 33 assembly constituencies:[7]
Bagda (SC) (assembly constituency no. 94),
Bangaon North (SC) (assembly constituency no. 95),
Bangaon South (SC) (assembly constituency no. 96),
Gaighata (SC) (assembly constituency no. 97),
Swarupnagar (SC) (assembly constituency no. 98),
Baduria (assembly constituency no. 99),
Habra (assembly constituency no. 100),
Ashoknagar (assembly constituency no. 101),
Amdanga (assembly constituency no. 102),
Bijpur (assembly constituency no. 103),
Naihati (assembly constituency no. 104),
Bhatpara (assembly constituency no. 105),
Jagatdal (assembly constituency no. 106),
Noapara (assembly constituency no. 107),
Barrackpur (assembly constituency no. 108),
Khardaha (assembly constituency no. 109),
North Dumdum (assembly constituency no. 110),
Panihati (assembly constituency no. 111),
Kamarhati (assembly constituency no. 112),
Baranagar (assembly constituency no. 113),
Dum Dum (assembly constituency no. 114),
Rajarhat New Town (assembly constituency no. 115),
Bidhannagar (assembly constituency no. 116),
Rajarhat Gopalpur (assembly constituency no. 117),
Madhyamgram (assembly constituency no. 118),
Barasat (assembly constituency no. 119),
Deganga (assembly constituency no. 120),
Haroa (assembly constituency no. 121),
Minakhan (SC) (assembly constituency no. 122),
Sandeshkhali (ST) (assembly constituency no. 123),
Basirhat South (assembly constituency no. 124),
Basirhat North (assembly constituency no. 125) and
Hingalganj (SC) (assembly constituency no. 126).
Sandeshkhali constituency will be reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST) candidates. Bagdaha, Bangaon North, Bangaon South, Gaighata, Swarupnagar, Minakhan and Hingalganj constituencies will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Along with two assembly constituencies of Nadia district, Bagda, Bangaon North, Bangaon South, Gaighata and Swarupnagar assembly constituencies will form the Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency), which will be reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. Amdanga, Bijpur, Naihati, Bhatpara, Jagatdal, Noapara and Barrackpur assembly constituencies will form the Barrackpur (Lok Sabha constituency). Khardah, North Dumdum, Panihati, Kamarhati, Baranagar, Dum Dum and Rajarhat Gopalpur assembly constituencies will form the Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency). Habra, Ashoknagar, Rajarhat New Town, Bidhannagr, Madhyamgram, Barasat and Deganga assembly constituencies will form the Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency). Baduria, Haroa, Minakhan, Sandeshkhali, Basirhat South, Basirhat North, and Hingalganj constituencies will form the Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency).
[edit]References

^ McCabe, Joseph (1920) "Holwell, John Zephaniah" A biographical dictionary of modern rationalists Watts & Co., London, pp. 356-357, p. 357 OCLC 262462698
^ a b c "Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008". West Bengal. National Informatics Centre, India. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
^ a b "District at a glance". Official website of the North 24 Parganas district. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
^ "Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001". West Bengal. Directorate of census operations. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
^ "Page on Barrackpore subdivision". Official website of North 24 Parganas district. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
^ "General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies". West Bengal. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
^ "Press Note, Delimitation Commission". Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal. Delimitation Commission. Retrieved 2008-11-21.